Jingle Bells Lyrics Translated in German

The Power Of Good And Evil in Flannery OConnors A Good...

The Power Of Good And Evil in Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find Good and bad. Right and wrong. Guilty and Innocent. These are just a few of the many themes that surround everyones life. Everyone has their own opinion about certain issues, and they depend on their values, judgment, and beliefs to see them through their difficulties. Flannery OConnor was quoted as saying I see from the standpoint of Christian orthodoxy. This means the meaning of life is centered in our Redemption by Christ and that what I see in the world I see in relation to that (Contemporary Authors 402). These themes are present in OConnors story A Good Man is Hard to Find. The story is about a grandmother, a good woman who goes on†¦show more content†¦. . . Her writing is about the existential struggle with the principle of destruction traditionally called the Devil (Contemporary Authors 403). The day of the trip Grandma is the first packed and ready to go. She does not want to leave the cat because as she says, he would miss her too much (O?Connor 907). This comment would suggest that the grandmother thinks highly of herself and is believes she is the most important person in the family. While everyone else is in comfortable travel clothes, Grandma is dressed formally. She had on a navy blue straw sailor hat with a bunch of white violets on the brim and a navy dress with a small white dot in the print (O?Connor 907). Both incidents are prime examples that show the grandmother?s behavior. We see that the grandmother is selfish and uncaring. She claims that she is a good person, yet she criticizes everyone and always wants to get her way. She hides the cat and lies about it to her son; she did not consider how anyone would feel about her bringing the cat. Yet, on the other hand she is very concerned with social opinion. She is dressed nicely, her excuse is that in case of an accident anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know that she was a lady (O?Connor 907). This shows that the grandmother was very concerned with people?s opinion. She acted proper, had strong virtues, values; a good woman in her view. But she was a self- centered person who judged others harshly, so that she would look good.Show MoreRelated Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard To Find Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesFlannery O’Connor’s A Good Man Is Hard to Find is one of the most well-known short stories in American history. A Good Man Is Hard to Find is a disturbing short story that exemplifies grace in extremity as well as the threat of an intruder. The story tells of an elderly grandmother and her family who embark on a road trip to Florida. The grandmother is a stubborn old woman with a low sense of morality. While on the trip, the grandmother convinces her son to take a detour which results in a brokenRead MoreFlannery O Connor s A Good Man1493 Words   |  6 PagesFlannery O’Connor’s background had a dramatic impact on her writing. Born in Savannah, Georgia, she utilized her familiarity with the region as a reference to implement a richly descriptive southern setting in her short stories. She was raised by devout Roman Catholics; her faith was deeply intertwined with the overall theme and character development in her writings. O’Connor portrays moments of grace for her main characters at a time of utter shock and devastation. In â€Å"A Good Man Is Har d to Find†Read MoreA good man is hard to find2182 Words   |  9 PagesThe Use of Religion in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† Flannery O Connor is a Christian writer, and her work shows Christian themes of good and evil, grace, and salvation. O’Connor has challenged the theme of religion into all of her works largely because of her Roman Catholic upbringing. O’Connor wrote in such a way that the characters and settings of her stories are unforgettable, revealing deep insights into the human existence. In O’Connor’s Introduction to a â€Å"Memoir of MaryRead MoreThe Grotesque Of Grace And Its Implications On Morality1695 Words   |  7 Pagesand its Implications on Morality Flannery O’Connor has been claimed an important figure and a social critic of the South for many years before and after her death. Her prose deals with questions of morality through reflections of her Roman Catholic faith. Correspondingly, her short stories and novels put the protagonists in shocking trials of God through characters or conflicts portrayed as, according to Davis J. Leigh, â€Å"distorted or exaggerated,† and are O’Connor’s way of revealing the â€Å"human conditionRead MoreEssay about Religious Symbolism in A Good Man Is Hard to Find1243 Words   |  5 PagesGrandmother and the Misfit Flannery O’Connor has long been criticized for her blatant incorporation of religious symbols into sinister, dark stories. In the short story â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find,† the dark and apathetic Misfit is said to portray, in an allegorical sense, a Christ-like figure. However, through the interpretation of the inversions of divine characteristics, his repulsion of Christ’s very existence, and the denial of any powers beyond the observable realm, we find that the Misfit is actuallyRead More Innocence Is Bliss in OConnors Short Stories1393 Words   |  6 PagesThere’s is no freedom from the post-lapsarian world. The attributes of this fallen world are very prominent in O’Connor’s short stories. However, she chooses not to include all of her characters into this nutshell. Instead, she gives her female characters innocence and monist ideals. Ironically, O’Connor isolates them from the rest and gives them a pitiful image as she goes on to mock their ways. The obliviousness and innocence of the characters is effortlessly destroyed in the post-lapsarian worldRead More Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay example1357 Words   |  6 Pages Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find A Good Man is Hard to Find presents a masterful portrait of a woman who creates a self and a world through language. At least that is what Mary Jane Shenck thinks of the Flannery OConnor story. Several different people have several different views of this controversial and climatic work of OConnors. In this paper I will take a look at these different views of different situations and characters in this book. First we will take a look atRead MoreA Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor Essay1959 Words   |  8 Pages Who is the Misfit? In the short story, â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† a family comprising of a grandmother, a father, three children, and a wife is headed on vacation has the misfortune of meeting a murderous band of serial killers. The Misfit and his band of serial killers are recently escapees of a federal prison. In the following paragraphs this paper looks into the issues of, what one would do in a situation such as that and the background of the the family and murderers as well. The MisfitRead MoreEssay on A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery Oconnor1150 Words   |  5 Pagesmany of Flannery O’Connor’s short stories. In many of her short stories, O’Connor exposes the dark side of human nature and implements violent and brutal elements in order to emphasize her religious viewpoints. In the short stores â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† and â€Å"Revelation†, O’Connor explicitly depicts this violence to highlight the presence and action of holy grace that is given to a protagonist who exudes hypocritical qualities. During the family trip in â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† to GeorgiaRead More Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find and Good Country People2686 Words   |  11 Pages â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find† and â€Å"Good Country People† are two short stories written by Flannery O’Connor during her short lived writing career. Despite the literary achievements of O’Connor’s works, she is often criticized for the grotesqueness of her characters and endings of her short stories and novels. Her writings have been described as â€Å"understated, orderly, unexperimental fiction, with a Southern backdrop and a Roman Catholic vision, in defiance, it would seem, of those restless innovators

Taxation Indirect Sources and Resident

Question: Describe about the Taxation for Indirect Sources and Resident. Answer: 1:-Tax Consequences of Mary Jackson:- Mary Jackson is assumed to be an Australian resident and all her incomes, earned from direct or indirect sources within or outside Australia are assessable under Australian Taxation Act. Mary is an employee under Elite Retail and ordinary source of income is mainly the salary and other allowances, paid by her employee (Anthoine 2013). Apart from the salary and allowances, her employee provides her other benefits also. Benefits, provided by the employee, are also taxable for the individual taxpayer. However, some of the benefits are not considered as assessable income and she can claim deductions against some of the deductions and allowances (Arthur 2016). The tax consequences of Mary Jackson for the salary, allowances and benefits, received by her, are discussed below: 1) The annual salary of Mary is fully taxable. 2) The expenses for transfer of furniture, paid by her employer, are taxable also. However, she cannot claim any deduction for the actual expenses, incurred for transferring the furniture (Baos-Caballero et al. 2014). 3) Elite Retail has given the laptop and mobile phone to Mary for work purpose. The costs of these items will not be considered as taxable for Sharon. 4) The telephone bill of Mary, paid by her employer, will be considered as fringe benefit for Mary and should be included in her taxable income. She can claim deduction for the 50% of the telephone bill, as 50% of the telephone usage was work related (Bull 2014). 5) The car was provided to Mary for work purpose. Therefore, it will not be considered for taxable income and any deductions will not be entitled to Mary for the car expenses also. 6) The allowance, received by Mary, for covering professional subscription is an assessable income. However, she can claim deduction for the actual payment, made for professional subscription (Burkhauser et al. 2015). 7) The loan, given at lower interest rate by the employer, is a fringe benefit. In this case, Mary has taken loan from her employer at lower rate. Therefore, the difference between the actual interest and interest, payable at benchmark rate, is assessable for taxation of Mary. However, she can claim deduction on the actual interest on the loan, as the loan was used for financing new property (Danis et al. 2014). Tax Consequences for Elite Retails:- Being an employer, Elite Retails can claim deductions for the expenses, incurred for the employees and other benefits, provided to the employees (Headey et al. 2012). However, the expenses should be claim for deductions under different sections as per the nature of the expenses. The details of allowable deductions are discussed below: 1) Salaries wages, paid by any employer, is deductible as work related expenses for taxation purpose. The company can claim deduction for Marys annual salary as work related expense from the taxable income (Taylor and Richardson 2012). 2) The expenses, paid by the company, for transfer of Marys Furniture is a living away from home allowance fringe benefit, which is paid to employees for the additional expenses, incurred in case of transfer. The company is entitled to claim this expense as a fringe benefit (Hung et al. 2013). 3) Expenses, incurred for entertainment, is not considered for deductions in case of the companies. However, in some scenarios, the companies can claim deduction for the entertainment expenses, incurred for clients, as entertainment fringe benefits (Tauringana and Adjapong Afrifa 2013). If Mary incurred the entertainment allowance entirely for the clients and fulfilled the conditions, required for entertainment fringe benefits, then, the company can claim deduction for such allowances (Jiang and Junmin 2015). 4) The costs of laptop and mobile phone provided to Mary, can be claimed by the company as work related expenses. 5) The phone bill, paid on behalf of Mary, is an expense payment fringe benefit. The company can claim this benefit fully. 6) The company can claim deduction against the expenses, incurred for the car, provided to the employee for her private or employment purpose. However, the company can claim for the operating or running expenses of the car only (Kiyotaki and Moore 2012). In the case study, no such expenses are mentioned. Hence, in this case, the company will be allowed deduction for the depreciation on the car as car expenses. 7) The allowance, paid to Mary for covering professional subscription, can be claimed as deduction under residual fringe benefit. 8) If the employer provides loan to employer at lower rate in comparison to benchmark interest rate, then it will be considered as loan fringe benefit. In this case, Elite Retail can claim deduction for the loan, provided to Mary also as loan fringe benefit (Taylor and Richardson 2013). 2:- Net Capital Profit under Normal Circumstances:- Scott is deemed a resident of Australia who is not involved in real estate trading. For this reason, the land and thee buildings are deemed his personal possession other than the trading stocks. The capital gain or loss generated from sale of Scotts building, this is computed based on the below mentioned aspects: The land was purchased before the date of 20 September 1985. For this reason, it can be considered to be a pre CGT asset as well as the lands sale will remain exempted under the taxation regulations of CGT (Krever and Mellor 2016). The building was constructed after the date 20 September 1985 and for the reason it must be considered as asset under post CGT asset. This will be computed based on the proportionate price of selling of just the building. Considering this, the buildings price of selling is deemed to be $320000 [$800000 x $60000/($60000+$90000)]. For the reason that the building was constructed before the year 20 September 1999, the buildings cost base might be determined in account to the indexation technique. Conversely, considering Scott as an individual it can be stated that he can be capable to apply discounted technique for computation of net CGT (Rognlie 2016). In this scenario, he must compute CGT under the two methods and chosen technique, this will result in decreased amount of tax. In consideration to the aforementioned aspects, the net capital loss or gain on the rental property sale that is computed under: Name of Taxpayer : Scott Type : Individual Calculation of Net Capital Gain/Loss for the period ending on 30th June,2016 Discounted Method Indexation Method Particulars Amount Amount Amount Amount $ $ $ $ a) Sale of Holiday Home : Sales Consideration 320000 320000 Less : Cost Base of the Property 60000 97055 Capital Gain on Sale 260000 222945.4 Less : 50% Exemption on Capital Gain 130000 Taxable Capital Gain (A) 130000 222945 Considering the above table, it is observed that Fred needs to pay decreased tax if he implements discounted technique. For this reason, the net capital gain of Freds rental property sales for the recent year s observed to be $130000. Net Capital Profit under Alternative Solution 1:- In case Scott decides to sell its property at a decreased price to his daughter, then the consideration of the sales for the purpose of taxation will be realized based on the acquired propertys value within market. Considering that, the property was decided to be sold at an auction, for this reason, the selling price on auction can be observed to remain under the buildings market price (Plummer 2016). In such scenario, the property sales net capital profit to his daughter will remain identical as above. Reference List Anthoine, R. ed., 2013.Tax incentives for private investment in developing countries. Springer Science Business Media. Arthur, G., 2016. Tax files: Taxation duties of executors.Bulletin (Law Society of South Australia),38(2), p.28. Baos-Caballero, S., Garca-Teruel, P.J. and Martnez-Solano, P., 2014. Working capital management, corporate performance, and financial constraints.Journal of Business Research,67(3), pp.332-338. Bull, R.J., 2014.Accounting in business. Butterworth-Heinemann. Burkhauser, R.V., Hahn, M.H. and Wilkins, R., 2015. Measuring top incomes using tax record data: A cautionary tale from Australia.The Journal of Economic Inequality,13(2), pp.181-205. Danis, A., Rettl, D.A. and Whited, T.M., 2014. Refinancing, profitability, and capital structure.Journal of Financial Economics,114(3), pp.424-443. Headey, B., Krause, P., Wagner, G. and Joint, O.E.C.D., 2012. Poverty redefined as low consumption and low wealth, not just low income: psychological consequences in Australia and Germany.Counting the Poor. New Thinking about European Poverty Measures and Lessons for the United States. International Policy Exchange Series. Oxford.[im Erscheinen]. Hung, W.S., Chen, H.C., Chung, Y.C., Li, R.K. and Tsai, C.H., 2013. Application of Profit Level Analysis to Verify Product Mix Impacts on Net Profit Changes.International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences,2(1), p.224. JIANG, X. and Junmin, W.U., 2015. Discussion on the Difference Between the Business Model and Profit Model.International Business and Management,10(2), pp.16-21. Kiyotaki, N. and Moore, J., 2012.Liquidity, business cycles, and monetary policy(No. w17934). National Bureau of Economic Research. Krever, R. and Mellor, P., 2016. Australia, GAARsA Key Element of Tax Systems in the Post-BEPS Tax World.GAARsA Key Element of Tax Systems in the Post-BEPS Tax World (Amsterdam: IBFD, 2016), pp.45-64. Plummer, W., 2016. Tax consolidation update: Still grappling with these rules?.Tax Specialist,19(5), p.209. Rognlie, M., 2016. Deciphering the Fall and Rise in the Net Capital Share: Accumulation or Scarcity?.Brookings papers on economic activity,2015(1), pp.1-69. Tauringana, V. and Adjapong Afrifa, G., 2013. The relative importance of working capital management and its components to SMEs' profitability.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,20(3), pp.453-469. Taylor, G. and Richardson, G., 2012. International corporate tax avoidance practices: evidence from Australian firms.The International Journal of Accounting,47(4), pp.469-496. Taylor, G. and Richardson, G., 2013. The determinants of thinly capitalized tax avoidance structures: Evidence from Australian firms.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,22(1), pp.12-25.

Cultural Conservation Essay Example For Students

Cultural Conservation Essay One problem with Cultural Conservation Essay: To put it simply, and its not a problems that only conservatives very often confuse (or conflate ethics and aesthetics. When Gertrude Himmererfarf lambastes out (as she perceives it) amoral, sexually deviant and polymorpously perverse culture she is primarily responding to something that she finds culturally foreign and aesthetically threatening. I agree with her that values are oftentimes a good thing, but only when they are born of an ethical and pragmatic perspective, not an aesthetic one. The conservatives want a seemingly neat and compartment society wherein stable appearances are maintained and archaic cultural archetypes are adhered to religiously. I grew up in a world of cultural archetypes. I grew up with white businessmen going to office buildings while their wives stayed at home and their kids went to school. or , more accurately, I grew up with alcoholic, adulterous business men who lives culturally insular lives while their wives took sedatives and smoked cigarettes and vented their frustrations on there kids, and these same kids took reams of drugs, got abortions, drove drunk, and victimized the weaklings. I grew up in what most conservatives would consider a utopia; lots of money, prestige, cultural cohesion, and good conservative values. But their values were in fact aesthetics, and maintaining these aesthetics ruled and ruined their lives. Almost everyone in this suburban bourgeoisie system hated their lives, but because they had been brought up to worship aesthetic myths they felt that to question them was an admission of personal failure. What are these myths? theyre old and platitudinal but Ill trot on them again: thats money makes you happy, that society is right and that poverty is bad, that maintaining convention in every aspect of your life is the ultimate good, that aberrance from these ideas is sin. ect. Im not going to say that the polar opposites of the clich;s is true, that would be one of the failings of the radical left. I believe that for the most part these criteria are irrelevant. Money can make life easier, but it also can make life miserable. Poverty can be bad but it can also be fine. Convention has some good points and some bad points. What it all comes down to is flexibility that should allow for the well being of the individual without compromising the rights of other individuals. When conservatives trot out their litany of evils-homosexuality, single parent families, multiculturalism, ect. Im always asking why?. If people are happy being gay then whets wrong with that? it may be a lifestyle thats aesthetically different from what weve been brought up with, but so what? and single parent families? better a loving single parent family than a conventional family wherein the parents hate each other and the father is a demagogue. One reason that we have such a wide variety of alternative lifestyles is that the conventional lifestyles that the conservatives champion are often quite flawed and restrictive. Restrictive mores can be terrific when applied to peoples violent impulses, but restrictiveness is terribly unhealthy when its used to get people to conform to arbitrate social archetypes. This restrictiveness can make people feel inadequate and inferior and it needs to be done away with. If someones gay, let them be gay. If your son wants to marry a black woman (or white or yellow or Muslim) then let the,. We need to love each other and support each other even if we choose to live in alternatives but harmless ways. Obviously if your son is a rapist or a wifebeater or a child molester then you need to question your support of his actions and values. Im not championing a retreat for responsibility. PRO-GAY MARRIAGE IN AMERICA Essay I believe that personal and social well being is built upon and foundation of hard work, loyalty, honesty, diligence, respect, tolerance, and other good values. But it doesnt matter what the cultural manifestation of the values looks like. It can be straight or gay or male or female or black or white or anything as long as its respectful and makes the practitioner feel well. So my advise to cultural conservatives (and others) would be to cultivate an approach to values based on principles rather than aesthetics. I would also like to say that any pronouncements on the values of others, especially pronouncements veering into the pre-scriptive realm, need to be cautious, pragmatic, logical and not just the typically hateful and reactionary vacuities that weve grown so accustomed to. .

Yoga Teachers Reveal Their Tips For Everyday Mindfulness

Yoga Teachers Reveal Their Tips For Everyday Mindfulness ​ With so many distractions occupying our every thought these days, it's hard to concentrate on just one thing at a time or to even clear our minds at all, which is why mindfulness awareness is so invaluable. It's important to make some time for ourselves and to find stillness in our mindswithin a chaotic world, but it can be difficult to know where to start. We asked the below yoga teachers what their top tip would be for bringing mindfulness into everyday life. This list of expert tips is the perfect place to start for carrying out small but effective methods into your everyday routine which you can start implementing today.These tips are particularly great if you're a student and you're struggling concentrating on that exam revision or coping with University stress. Enjoy some well-deserved 'you' time! Taylor Harkness... a former paramedic now aiming to unite others through yoga and optimistic neuropsychology "Yogis' talk a lot about being mindful, and for good reason. It's so easy to get sucked out of the present, especially with our constant bombardment of stimulation these days. The human brain has a finite amount of cerebral capacity, and is estimated to be roughly equivalent to 56 bits of information per second. This is why it's very hard to focus on two people talking at once and nearly impossible to focus on three. Whenever I feel myselfspiralling, it's usually because I've lost my sense ofthe present -I'm either stressed about the future, concerned with the past or simply distracted. One of the best tips that I've come to live by is this: become more mindful by making it a habit and a routine to disconnect from technology during activities. For example, when you're having a conversation, practice not looking at your phone, tv, or computer. Instead, try noticing the color of the person's eyes, or the way that they smile. When eating a meal, focus on the aromas and flavors of the food and silence your cell phone. Stop multitasking and instead, do whatever you're currently doing one hundred percent. It takes time and practicebut it eventually becomes second nature. Less reliance upon and distraction by technology means more cerebral capacity for the present moment. Begin paying more attention to the things around you and watch how it permeates into the rest of your life." www.taylorharkness.comStephanie Spence... writer, adventurer,yoga teacher and screenwriter from California "Stay in the present moment, that's where power is. This is a skill that can be learned. Practice brings rewards. Build your appreciation muscle. What you focus on magnifies, so train yourself to focus on the good things in your life. Embrace your emotions! When you don't feel good, your emotions are letting you know that you are not aligned with joy and abundance, so stop the train of thoughts that brought you to this point and accept yourself and everything around you exactly as they are at this moment."Allie Flavio... born and raised Florida girl who loves the ocean, outdoors and all types of adventure "Gratitude Movement. A gratitude practice is a wonderful way to stay grounded, connected and humbled in times of stress. By recognizing the simple, yet profoundly incredible aspects of our lives, we can truly appreciate the rest of the madness. Wondering how to do this? Start a gratitude practice. Write down three things you're grateful for every damn day. Keep it simple, keep it light, keep it fun. It can literally be anything - your cup of coffee, the comfortable bed you sleep in, your outfit, your family and friends, the food you ate...truly, everything is fair game. A movement practice can also be anything, so long as you move, breathe, and feel yourself come alive. Whether you walk, run, do yoga, dance, rock climb, or swim, there's no wrong way to move. The only requirement is that you connect to you, your beautiful self, and the miracle that your body is! Just like the above practice - keep it simple, enjoy it, don't put too much pressure on it. Just move andmove every damn day!"www.thejourneyjunkie.comRandi Ragan... holistic wellbeing expert and speaker, mindfulness teacher, ceremonial guide and green living entrepreneur "I would urge young people to simply try and find moments they can build into each and every day, that allows them to pause, step back, center themselves and focus on their breathing to turn this pause into a sacred ritual of self-care that provides a bubble of uninterrupted, quiet focus. They don't have to be thinking of anything in particular in fact, to NOT think of anything but the present moment is the goal. Do this by becoming aware of how their breath feels, how their skin feels, how the air around them feels; what sounds they hear; to close their eyes and simply BE without ANY kind of distraction (here's looking at you technology!). I like to work the sacred number 108 into these pause rituals'. (108 is the number of mala beads on a Buddhist prayer necklace. It shows up in Yoga texts and ancient Hindu scriptures as well). Take 108 steps in a mindful walk, breath and meditate for 108 breaths or 1 minute and 8 seconds, count to 108 while listening to bird sounds, take your pause ritual at 1:08 pm every day, spend 1 hour and 8 minutes writing in your journal every week literally you can apply this number to anything that you want to set aside and make sacred as YOUR time to be mindful. The more the Pause Ritual is practiced, the more one appreciates its power, and the power to radically alter the way we live our lives on a daily basis. This is Mindfulness In Action!"www.randiragan.comAdam Husler... bringing something a little different to the yoga-mix A photo posted by Adam Husler (@adamhusler) on Jul 23, 2016 at 8:53am PDT [tcb-script async="" defer="" src="//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js"][/tcb-script] A photo posted by Adam Husler (@adamhusler) on Jul 20, 2016 at 5:31am PDT [tcb-script async="" defer="" src="//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js"][/tcb-script] "Take 5 to 10 minutes in the morning to simply sit. Keep with the back of your body long, the front of your body open and spend some time bearing witness to you breath. Don't have any expectations, don't look of an elated feeling or a journey in your head, but simply spend some time trying to find calm. Whenever your mind starts to wander to the future or past, return back to the object of your focus; your breath. It can be as simple as that."www.adamhusleryoga.comSarah Highfield... London-based yoga teacher with a passion for achieving the miraculous work-life balance "Try to remain present; yoga takes us into the present moment, it's the only place where life really exists. We spend far too much time thinking about the past or feeling anxious about the future. Stay focused during your practice, move with your breath and the rest will follow."www.sarahhighfield.comGwen Lawrence... yoga instructor andfounder of Power Yoga For Sports program "Learn diaphragmatic breathing. Simply learning to breath in and out through your nose only, utilizing the bodies natural filtration system (the nose) as well, the nose is built to warm or cool the entering air appropriately for full effectiveness for the body. Adding to that, diaphragmatic breathing means breathing in and out through the nose and deep down into the belly not shallow chest breathing. When you breathe this way as opposed to through the mouth and in the chest you shut off the bodies fight or flight response mechanism and can quickly calm the body, mind and reduce stress, fear and anxiety. Of course there are many simple techniques you can do, but this is the gold standard user friendly one to pick no matter where you are or what situation you find yourself in."www.gwenlawrence.comMeadow DeVor... author, yoga teacher, master life coach and founder of Yoga Church "My best tip is to remember to breathe. Our breath is always available as an anchor to ground us and to help us feel connected to the present moment. Take 3 deep breaths on purpose. It's the quickest way to change your state."www.meadowdevor.comKatarina Rayburn... London-based Dynamic Vinyasayoga teacher and practicesDharma yoga herself "My top tip for bringing mindfulness into everyday life would 100% be to practice yoga regularly but I appreciate that isn't realistic for everyone. So if that's the case then I'd say give yourself at least 10 minutes in the day where you are completely removed from any distractions, any technology and allow yourself to switch off, cultivating a more internal focus. Starting to notice your breath, linking the body and the mind, which is what we aim to achieve from a yoga practice. If you can get outside in the fresh air, even better! Removing all the clutter and just getting back to basics, it helps me to appreciate the simple things. It's so important to give your mind and body conscious rest, whether it's in Savasana or just sat alone in a park."www.katarinarayburnyoga.comCalli Popham... specialises in teaching yoga inversions in a playful and accessible way A photo posted by Calli Cat (@calliyoga) on Aug 3, 2016 at 2:28am PDT [tcb-script async="" defer="" src="//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js"][/tcb-script] A photo posted by Calli Cat (@calliyoga) on Jul 7, 2016 at 3:17am PDT [tcb-script async="" defer="" src="//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js"][/tcb-script] "Start to write a gratitude list. Every single day, take a moment first thing in the morning to write down at least 10 things that you are grateful for and why. The more we can reflect on the every day things we are grateful for, the more positive and happy we feel and the more wonderful things we welcome in. You can also start to add in things that you would like to manifest, and write them down as if they have already happened, say thank you and then watch the magic happen!"www.calliyoga.co.ukSoul Analyse... online communitybuilt to remind you of who you are and help you gain clarity in an overloaded world ​ "Present Moment Awareness The mind can be one of the biggest distractions when it comes to studying; you might sit down to work on an important project and suddenly your mind is wandering elsewhere, which leaves little room for productivity and concentration. Dwelling on the past and worrying about the future tend to be the biggest culprits of mind-wandering, so the best way to prevent your mind from straying is to bring your attention to the here and now. Breathing exercises are a great way to stay present, and you can try this method anytime you notice your mind wandering: Sitting in a comfortable position, focus your awareness on your breath don't try to change your breathing in any way, just simply observe. Feel the air as it flows into your body as you inhale, and listen to it as it leaves your body as you exhale. This helps to shift your attention from the mind and onto whatever is happening right now. Living in the present moment has many incredible benefits; when we are in a heightened state of awareness, our concentration increases and we are less likely to be distracted by intrusive thoughts. As a result, we experience increased peace, calm and happiness in our lives." www.soulanalyse.comKelly Brooks... trying to change the perspective of yoga, making it fun and accessible to everyone "Move your body, feel alive, breathe. The breath is so important for mindfulness. When you start to feel stressed out and like you have too much to do and you don't know where to start focus back on your breathing, "sit upright" I know our mothers told us that all the time as children but when we are slouching it's stopping us from breathing effectively. Long deep breath in and a long deep breath out, drop your tongue to the lower palate and relax the face and jaw. Just 5 deep breathes can make a difference when you are feeling overwhelmed. Another tip is to try and find something positive in every situation, life is out of our control and sometimes things don't go to plan. Staying present in each moment, allowing the emotions to come and go will help." www.kellybrooksyoga.comNatasha Sherikhora... finding inner peace to cultivate mindfulness, strength and flexibility in your body and mind "Yoga and mindfulness provides opportunity to de-stress, relax and to better cope with the stresses that are involved with being a student. During the busy periods of exams it feels impossible to squeeze anything else in your schedule, that's why it's so important to find some time for yourself in order to allow your mind to clear and to help your body to release the tension that you are constantly accumulating due to the stress. Start your morning with 10-15 minutes of easy meditation and your favourite physical exercises. You can even start in a bed, laying down with your spine straight, knees bent, right palm on the heart centre, left palm is on your belly. Alternatively sit tall on the chair or on the floor with you legs crossed, crown of the head reaches up, chin is parallel to the floor. Close your eyes and try to focus on the breath, observe all the sensations associated with the breath - your belly rises, chest expands, air goes in and out through your nostrils. Try to deepen your breath and pay special attention to lengthening your exhalation. These long soothing exhales are your best friend in every stressful situation, use it any time you need to focus and calm down. Don't underestimate the power of the breath, really soon you will notice the benefits even at the beginning it may feel like waist of time :) A few rounds of San Salutations, gentle stretching, a short run or dancing to your favourite song helps to improve blood flow, releasesendorphins and improves your mood for the day ahead! With all the classes, homework, exams, parents' expectations and jobs outside of school you are constantly under pressure. It's easy to lose your focus, to forget the purpose and to loose motivation. Stay present, don't compare yourself with anyone else, focus on the positive sides of the process and most be patient with yourself"www.soluckysogreen.comRachel Scott... artistic educator, romantic adventurer and yoga nerd "Being a student can be stressful! Juggling deadlines, workloads, and extracurricular activities can lead to anxiety and burn out. Mindfulness is a wonderful tool for reducing stress while increasing focus. One of my favourite mindfulness techniques is also the simplest: counting the breath. Best of all, you can do it wherever you are: in the library, seated before a test, or even during a lecture. - Sit comfortably with a tall spine. - Begin to count your breath: inhale for a count of four, and exhale for a count of four. - Continue to inhale and exhale slowly and evenly. - Repeat 5-10 times. Even just 5-10 repetitions will help to calm the body and still the busy-ness of the mind. If you have the time, extend the length of this practice to five minutes for a soothing and effective meditation. This simple exercise is a gem: slowing the breath pacifies the nervous system, while counting the breath helps to focus and clear the mind."www.rachelyoga.comKate Watson... Co-founder of NEUlotus, a multi-use yoga prop to help with alignment and support "Alignment in mindfulness and breath. When we talk about mindfulness and presence, the first thing we discuss is breath. How should you breathe to create a sense of relaxation in the body and mind? Diaphragmatic breathing drops our body out of the fight or flight' body response and into the parasympathetic nervous system, and this is where we need to be to relax! Our fight or flight' response is where we are mostly living these days and it is nearly impossible to relax in this state. Excess weight, stress, insomnia, addiction and a lack of concentration are all side effects of being in this fight or flight' state. This is where the breath can help change the bodies health, Pranayama. To begin a good Pranayama practice, find a comfortable position where your body can be in neutral, this will allow your diaphragm the proper space to expand and drop with the opening of your ribcage. Breathe deep and wide into your ribcage and exhale completely until the last stale air of your lungs exits the body. Repeat this breathe in through your nose and out through your mouth until you soften. Really take the time to concentrate on visualizing the breathe moving in and out of the body. Do you feel the softness and the ease? This is presence. This is alignment and mindfulness. Enjoy."

Tornado Dangers and Quick Safety Tips

Tornado Dangers and Quick Safety Tips Perhaps one of the most feared weather anomalies is the tornado. The unpredictability of a tornado produces terror in many families. Some people are so afraid they develop a phobia called lilapsophobia. A large part of this fear stems from the fact that tornadoes can develop with little warning and are extremely violent.   Tornadoes Cause Damage in Three Ways Strong Winds:  The strong winds of a tornado can rip just about anything off of the ground including trees, vehicles, and even houses. The winds inside of tornadoes travel at over 310 miles per hour. Even weak tornadoes can pull shingles and siding off of houses.Debris:  The second damaging effect of tornadoes is actually from the debris that the storm picks up. People have been buried alive by houses or mud picked up and then dropped by a tornado. Smaller objects become damaging projectiles when thrown by tornadoes. One tornado took a child’s bicycle and wrapped it around a tree!Hail and Lightning:  It is not only the wind that causes damage in a tornado, but also the hail and lightning that the storm produces. Large hailstones can damage cars and injure people, and lighting can cause fires and electrical problems. The Environment Suffers From Tornadoes Tornadoes produce devastating effects on the environment. They can uproot trees, cause mass migrations of animals, and destroy the habitats of local wildlife. Family Safety During a Tornado If there is a tornado approaching, what safety measures should you take? First, it is important to realize that there is no specific way to know if a storm is going to produce a tornado. Meteorologists have developed warning systems that tell them if a storm is capable of producing a tornado.   During severe weather, have a weather radio on.  They are relatively inexpensive and could save your life. If you hear the announcer say there is a tornado watch, that means the conditions are correct for forming a tornado. A tornado warning means a tornado has been spotted. If you hear a tornado warning, you may be in danger! If You Hear a Tornado Warning... First, find shelter in the lowest possible place, such as a basement. If your home does not have a basement, go to the innermost room. Stay clear of windows or anything heavy like furniture or appliances. A bathroom is a good location. Take your battery-powered weather radio to your shelter and turn it on. Kneel on the floor and cover your head with your hands. This is the best position to be in to avoid damage during a tornado. Should you be caught out in the open with a tornado approaching, do not try to outrun the storm. Find a low lying spot such as a ravine and crouch down with your arms over your head. Because tornadoes are so unpredictable, you are in much more danger if you try to outrun them. While tornadoes cause much damage in the areas where they hit, one good thing about tornadoes is that the area they damage is relatively small. If you take a few safety precautions, you have the best chance of making it through a dangerous tornado. Resources and Further Reading The Weather Watchers Library: Tornadoes by Dean GalianoTornado Alert! By Wendy Scavuzzo   Edited by Tiffany Means

A Communication Media Approach towards Marketing Essay

A Communication Media Approach towards Marketing - Essay Example From this study it is clear that most often the already existing patients constitute an accessible potential for generating additional business. Email newsletters not only allow the healthcare organizations to stay frequently in touch with their customers, but also allow them to keep their customers continually apprised of the availability of new procedures, latest developments taking place in specific fields and specialties, important events, available equipments and varied helpful promotional activities. The already existing patients are often more likely to subscribe to the additional services offered by a healthcare organization, provided they take the care to inform them and communicate with them. Hence, email newsletters are a great means of sharing ideas with the customers.This paper declares that email newsletters are an effective means of communication between the customers and healthcare services providers. They not only prove to be cost effective and efficient in the long run, but allow the service providers to customize their marketing approach, while taking into consideration the health records of the existing customers, available with them. They also allow the service providers to provide links to their central website, which can be used by the customers to access additional information and reassurances if and when required by them.  In an E-commerce approach to healthcare marketing, it is essential to seek and retain customer confidence,... They can choose to subscribe to the newsletters published by the healthcare organizations by simply sharing their email address and ticking the box provided on the websites or the regular paperwork of these organizations (Blumberg, 2005). Anytime, the customers can unsubscribe these newsletters by visiting the oft provided link (Blumberg, 2005). So email newsletters allow the patients to access information, as and when they want. Effectiveness Email newsletters are an effective means of communication between the customers and healthcare services providers. They not only prove to be cost effective and efficient in the long run, but allow the service providers to customize their marketing approach, while taking into consideration the health records of the existing customers, available with them. They also allow the service providers to provide links to their central website, which can be used by the customers to access additional information and reassurances if and when required by the m (Blumberg, 2005). Confidentiality However, care needs to be taken to protect the privacy and confidentiality of the customers while using email newsletters to communicate with them. In an E-commerce approach to healthcare marketing, it is essential to seek and retain customer confidence (McFadyen, 2008). Any inability to safeguard customer confidentiality and privacy may lead to repercussions that may prove to be counterproductive to the business interests of an organization in the long run. It’s Different The suggested mode of conducting marketing communication differs in many ways to the other modes of communication. First and foremost it is quick and cost efficient. Besides, to a great extent it takes the customer consent and preferences into

MAcro R Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MAcro R - Assignment Example National Statistics charged with the mandate of reporting the rate of unemployment in United Kingdom reports that; the mean rate of the unemployment rate is 7.70 percent from the period of the year 1971 until 2013. The greatest unemployment rate was 12.0 percent reported on May 1984, and the lowest rate of the unemployment was 3.4 percent reported in November 1973 (Trading Economics 2013). In the United Kingdom, the calculation of the unemployment rate measures the number of persons actively searching for an occupation as a percentage of the entire workforce (National Statistics 2013). Moreover, National Statistics reported that there were 2.89 million of unemployed people in UK down from 18.000 reported on March to May 2013. These statistics clearly indicates that the unemployment rate has been declining day by day in United Kingdom. This is as a result of the government effort through which it established policies intended to succumb unemployment among other issues affecting UK eco nomy. From the use of Microeconomic principles, there may be a host of causes of unemployment in UK. ... The main reasons for frictional employment in U.K are because information is not always perfect and it always takes time for people to find work. The next common form of unemployment is the structural unemployment, which occurs due to a mismatch of skills in the labour market. There are three main reasons for this form of unemployment namely occupational immobility, geographical immobility and technological change. Occupational immobility refers to the difficulties in learning new skills applicable to a new industry. Many people fail to access information relevant in assisting them gain a competitive advantage in the job market. With the changes that occur everyday in organizations the job market continues to become more demanding, unfortunately many unemployed people either lack the knowledge of what they need to get the jobs or lack the finances to advance their skills. Geographical immobility that refers to the difficulty of working in certain areas because of issues of transport and movement is another common cause of unemployment. For example, there may be job in London, but accommodation and living conditions compared to the place one lives may be difficult to afford. For other people, it is difficult to leave their families in search for employment. Change in technology may also lead to unemployment. This is so because firm can lay off some of its labour force since it is possible to perform a similar amount of work with the help of technology and maintain a smaller work force. Changes in the economy are also likely to lead to unemployment as some firm may have to close down after economic changes make it impossible for them to continue operating (Snower 1997) Other causes of unemployment are when people

Informational Interviewing Project Questions Essay

Informational Interviewing Project Questions - Essay Example 8. An event organizer always has a backup plan in case the original plan does not work out. Do you always have a backup plan? Can you please kindly give an example whereby such a backup plan saved you from eminent embarrassment? 9. How do you deal with disgruntled clients who feel that you did not organize the event to their liking, for example, a bride who feels that her wedding organization is appalling? How would you respond and in what ways would you address the issues? 10. One of the essential factors in event organizing is taking into consideration the needs and wants of the client. In your experience as an event’s organizer, what are some of the extravagant requests that a client asked for and how did you meet them? 11. The event organizing industry is growing tremendously. What are the qualities that set your organization apart from the rest? In addition, what other services do you offer, which make your clients prefer your firm to the rest? 12. Marketing is necessary for any company wishing to cut a niche in any field (Donovan & Henley, 2010). What mode of marketing do you use and what strategies and policies are you or have you implemented to ensure that your firm is well known? 13. The location of the event is one of the paramount things an event organizer should determine. How do you come to pick a location for an event? What criteria do you use and do you outsource the services of a land/site surveyor? 14. As a sales manager, what criteria do you use to calculate the total cost of organizing the event from conception to completion? Who bears any additional cost that you may incur during the process? 15. As a creative coordinator and a sales manager, how do you survive with the ever changing trends happening within the industry? What strategies do you utilize to conduct market research and competitive analysis so that

Comparing Binomial Tree, Monte Carlo Simulation And Finite

Comparing Binomial Tree, Monte Carlo Simulation And Finite In recent years, numerical methods for valuing options such as binomial tree models, Monte Carlo simulation and finite difference methods are use for a wide range of financial purposes. This paper illustrates and compares the three numerical methods. On one hand, it provided general description of the three methods separately involved their definitions, merits and drawbacks and determinants of each method. On the other hand, this paper makes a concrete comparison in valuing options between the three numerical methods. Overall, the three numerical methods have proven to be valuable and efficient methods to value options. Introduction In recent years, option valuation methods are very important in the theory of finance and increased wildly in the practice field. The various approaches on option prices valuation included binomial tree models, Monte Carlo simulation and finite difference methods. Binomial models are suggested by Cox, Ross and Rubinstein (1979). Boyle (1977) firstly discussed Monte Carlo simulation and then it has been used by both Johnson and Shanno(1985) and Hull and White(1987) to value options when it is a stochastic process. Finite difference methods are discussed by Schwartz (1977), Brennan and Schwartz (1979), and Courtadon (1982) (Hull and White, 1988). This essay aims to provide a comparison and contrast among the three numerical methods mentioned above. All these numerical methods focus on the objectives of both calculation accuracy and speed. The only way for any given method to achieve better accuracy and speed is to calculate with many times (Hull and White, 1988). For one thing, this es say provides general description about binomial trees, Monte Carlo simulation and finite difference methods and defines benefits and drawbacks of each method. For another thing, it makes contrast on the valuation option prices involved American and European options. Binomial tree models Hull and White (1988) provide a general description about binomial trees. They concluded that Binomial model is a particular case of a more general set of multivariate multinomial models. All multivariate multinomial models are characteristics as lattice approaches such as binomial and trinomial lattice models(Hull and White, 1988).And the binomial trees, a valuation option approach, which involved separating option into a large number of small time intervals of length Άt. The assumption of this method is that the asset price changed from its initial value to two new values, both upward and downward movement, Su and Sd separately. The probability of an upward movement was indicated as p, while the probability of a downward movement is 1-p and the parameter u, d, p are used to value option prices. (Hull, 2008) The binomial model focused on option replication. For the binomial trees, the only way to reproduce the payoff of an option is to trade a portfolio involved the stock and the risk-free asset. Within other lattice approaches, involved the trinomial tree model, do not admit option replication(FiglewskiGao, 1999).However, the fair value of option can be valued under the basic assumptions of option pricing which is the world is risk-neutral. (Hull, 2008) In this case, the fair value can be valued simply by computing the expected values within the risk neutral distribution and discounting at the risk-free interest rate (Hull, 2008).When the world is risk-neutral, any approximation procedure which is based on a probability distribution and rough risk neutral distribution and make convergence to its limit, can be used to value options prices properly. Therefore, it is necessary to use trinomial tree model even a more complex structure without lack of the ability to calculating unique option payoffs (FiglewskiGao, 1999). What is also worth mentioning about the application of binomial tree is that there exists known payouts involved dividends (Hull and White, 1988). Dividend policy was based on the principle that the stock maintains a constant yield on each ex-dividend date which was denoted by ÃŽÂ ´ (Cox et.al, 1979) Essentially, binomial and trinomial models are powerful, intuitive methods to value both American and European option. Moreover, it also provides asymptotically exact approximation based on Black-Scholes assumptions (FiglewskiGao, 1999). Consider the efficiency and accuracy of this method, the binomial method is more efficient and accurate when there are a small number of options values without dividends. However it lacks of efficient in a situation where effects of cash dividends should be analysed. Actually, the fixed dividend yield generated an improper hedge ratio despite that the assumption of fixed dividend yield is an efficient and accurate approximation. Furthermore, the binomial tree models are inefficient in valuing American options compared with European option. And it is less efficient and accurate than finite difference methods for multiple options valuation. This is because it has a conditional starting point (GeskeShastri, 1985). Monte Carlo simulation Monte Carlo simulation is a useful numerical method to implement for various kinds of purposes of finance such as securities valuation. For the valuation of option, Monte Carlo simulation use risk-neutral measure (Hull, 2008). For example, a call option is a security whose expected payoffs depend on not only one basic security. The value of a derivative security can be obtained by discounted the expected payoff in the risk-neutral world at the riskless rate (Boyle, et.al, 1997). Boyle et.al (1997) stated that this approach comprises several steps in the following. Firstly, Simulate sample paths of the underlying state variables (e.g., underlying asset prices and interest rates) over the relevant time horizon. Stimulate these according to the risk-neutral measure. Secondly, evaluate the discounted cash flows of a security on each sample path, as determined by the structure of the security in question. Thirdly, average the discounted cash flows over sample paths There is a tendency that high-dimensional integral is becoming more and more necessary to evaluate in the derivative security. Monte Carlo simulation is widely used in the option valuation due to the increases of high dimension (Ibanez Zapatero, 2004). Regarding the integral of the function f(x) over the d-dimensional unit hypercube, the simple Monte Carlo estimate of the integral is equivalent to the average value of the function f over n random points from the unit hypercube. When n tends to be infinite, this estimate converges to the true value of the integral. Furthermore, the distinct advantage of this method compared with other numerical approaches is that the error convergence rate is independent dimension. In addition, the function f should be square integrable and this is the only restriction which is relative and slight ((Boyle, et.al, 1997). Monte Carlo simulation is simple, flexible. It can be easily modified to adapt different processes which involved governing stock returns. Moreover, compared other methods, it has distinct merit in some specific circumstances. Essentially Monte Carlo simulation can be used when the process of generating future stock value movement determined the final stock value. This process mentioned above is created on a computer and aims to generate a series of stock price trajectories which is used to obtain the evaluation of option. In addition, the standard deviation also can be used simultaneously in order to make sure the accuracy of the results (Boyle, 1977). However, there are some disadvantages of this method. In recent years, some new techniques were developed so as to overcome the disadvantages. One key drawback is that it is wasteful to calculate many times and difficult to control situations when there are early exercise opportunities (Hull, 2008). Different variances reduction techniques involved control variate approach and antithetic variate method are used to solve these problems. Furthermore, deterministic sequences also known as low-discrepancy sequences or quasi-random sequences are used to accelerate the valuation of multi-dimensional integrals, (Boyle, et.al, 1997). Quasi-Monte Carlo methods are suggested as a new approach to supplement Monte Carlo simulation. It uses deterministic sequences rather than random sequences. These sequences are used to obtain convergence with known error bounds ¼Ã‹â€ Joy ¼Ã…’et.al. 1996 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° Until recently, Monte Carlo simulation has not been used in American options. The key problem is that payoff depends on some sources of uncertainty. The optimal exercise frontier of American options is uncertain (Barraquand Martineau, 1995). Finite difference methods Hull (2008) provides a general description of finite difference methods. He concluded that finite difference methods value a derivative by solving the differential equation that the derivative satisfies. Finite difference methods are classified into two ways those are implicit and explicit finite difference method. The former approach is related the value of option at time t+Άt to three alternative values at time t, while the latter one is related the value of option at time t to three alternative values at time t+Άt (Hull White, 1990). The explicit finite difference method is equivalent to a trinomial lattice approach. Compared with the two finite difference methods, the distinct advantage of explicit finite difference method is that it has fewer boundary conditions than the implicit way. For instance, to implement implicit method, considering the price of a derivative security S, it is vital to specify boundary conditions for the derivative security whether minimising or maximising price. By contrast, the explicit method, regarded as a trinomial lattice approach, does not need specific boundary conditions (Hull White, 1990). There are two alternative problems of partial differential equations. The first, known as boundary value problems where a wide range of boundary conditions must be specified, the second, known as initial value problems where only a fraction of valuation required to be specified. There is a fact that most option valuation problems are initial value problems. The explicit finite difference method is the most appropriate method to solve initial value problems because implicit finite method used extra boundary condition which was produced errors (Hull White, 1990). Furthermore, consider the efficiency and accuracy of valuing option, the explicit finite difference method, with logarithmical transformation, is more efficient than the implicit method. This is because it does not need the solution solved a series of simultaneous equations (GeskeShastri, 1985). In addition, for the finite difference method and jump process, the simple explicit difference approximation is harmonized with a three-point jump process, while the more complex implicit difference approximation corresponds a generalized jump process which is based on that the value of derivative security will jump to infinite future values, not just three points(BrennanSchwartz, 1978) Finite difference approach can be used in the same situation as binomial tree approach. They can control American and European option and cannot easily used when the payoff of an option depends on the past history of the state variable. Furthermore, finite difference methods can be used in the situation where there are some state variable ¼Ã‹â€ Hull 2008). However, the binomial tree method is more intuitive and easily implemented than the finite difference methods. Therefore, financial economists tend to use binomial tree methods when there are a small number of option values. In contrast, finite difference methods are frequently used and more efficient in a situation where there are a large number of option values (GeskeShastri, 1985). The comparison between the three methods Overall, compared with the three numerical methods of valuing option, Monte Carlo simulation should be seen as a supplement methods for the binomial tree models and finite difference methods. This is because the increase of a variety of complexity in financial instruments (Boyle, 1977). Furthermore, binomial and finite difference methods are implemented with low dimension of problems and standard dynamics, while Monte Carlo simulation is the proper methods to solve high dimension problems and stochastic parameters (Ibanez Zapatero, 2004) The binomial tree models and finite difference methods are classified as backward methods and can easily handle early exercise opportunities. On the contrary, Monte Carlo simulation is a looking forward method and may be opposed with backward induction (Ibanez Zapatero, 2004) For the two similar methods, finite difference approach is equivalent to a trinomial lattice method. They are both useful for American and European options and tend not to be used in a situation where the options payoff depends on the past history of state variables. However, there also are some differences between them. Binomial tree methods can be used to calculate a small number of values of options, while finite difference methods can be used and more efficient and accurate when there exit a large number of option values. In addition, binomial tree models are more intuitive and readily completed than the finite difference methods Monte Carlo simulation is a powerful and flexible method to value various options. In principle, Monte Carlo simulation is calculated a multi-dimension integral and this is becoming an attractiveness compared other numerical methods. It can be used to solve the problem of high dimension. The drawbacks should not be neglected. The computation with many times and cannot easily handle the situation where there are early exercise opportunities. Based the traditional Monte Carlo simulation, a new approach was developed, known as Quasi-Monte Carlo methods to improve the efficiency of Monte Carlo method. The basic theorem is to use deterministic number rather than random. However, it has not been used in valuing American options due to the optimal exercise frontier is uncertain. One way to value American option is to achieve combination of Monte Carlo simulation and dynamic programming (Ibanez Zapatero, 2004) Conclusion To sum up, with the complexity of numerical computation, numerical methods are wildly used to value derivative security. This paper provided general description and specific comparison between the three numerical methods mentioned above. Binomial tree models, known as lattice approach, are a powerful and intuitive tool to value both American and European option with and without dividend. When there are a small number of option values, binomial method is more efficient and accurate. On the contrary, it is inefficient in a situation where effects of cash dividend should be analysed. Finite difference method can be seen as the trinomial lattice approach. They are used with the problems of low dimension and have been regarded as efficient and accurate methods to value American and European options. Compared with binomial tree models, finite difference methods is more efficient and accurate when practicers computing a large number of values of options. Monte Carlo simulation can be seen as a supplement tool for the two methods mentioned above to value options. It can be used with high dimensional problems whereas other two methods are used with low dimensional problems. The flows of Monte Carlo simulation are that it consumes time for calculating and cannot readily handle the situation where there are early exercise opportunities. In this case, Quasi-Monte Carlo methods based on traditional Monte Carlo simulation utilise deterministic sequences known as quasi-random sequences. These sequences provide an opportunity to acquire convergence with known error bounds. Referenc: Barraquand ¼Ã…’J. Martineau, D. (1995)Numerical Valuation of High Dimensional Multivariate American Securities The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 30, No. 3 pp. 383 -405 Boyle, P.P., Option: A Monte Carlo Approach, Journal of Financial Economics, Volume:4, pp: 323-338 Boyle, P. Broadie, M. and Glasserman,P.(1997) Monte Carlo methods for security pricing, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Volume 21, Issues 8-9,29,pp:1267-1321 Brennan, M.J. Schwartz, E.S., (1978)Finite Difference Methods and Jump Processes Arising in the Pricing of Contingent Claims: A Synthesis, The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 13, No. 3 pp. 461 -474 Cox, J.C., Ross, S.A. and Rubinstein. M.(1979) Option pricing: A simplified approach, Journal of Financial Economics, Volume 7, Issue 3, pp: 229-263 Figlewski,S.Gao,B.(1999)The adaptive mesh model: a new approach to efficient option pricing, Journal of Financial Economics, Volume 53, Issue 3, pp: 313-351 Geske,R. Shastri, K.(1985) Valuation by Approximation: A Comparison of Alternative Option Valuation Techniques, The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 20, No. 1 pp. 45- 71 Hull, J.(2008) Option, Futures, and Other Derivatives,7th edition, Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall Hull, J, White, A.(1988) The Use of the Control Variate Technique in Option Pricing, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis. Vol. 23, Issue. 3; p. 237-251 Hull, J, White, A. (1990) Valuing Derivative Securities Using the Explicit Finite Difference Method,Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis. Vol. 25, No. 1; pp: 87-100 Ibanez, A. Zapatero, F. (2004) Monte Carlo Valuation of American Options through Computation of the Optimal Exercise Frontier, Journal of Financial and Quantitative analysis Vol.39, No. 2, pp: 253-275 Joy, C., Boyle, P.P. and Tan, K.S.(1996) Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods in Numerical Finance, Management Science.Vol.42, No.6,pp:926-938

Art versus Pornography Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Art versus Pornography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Her head rests on her left knee, with her hands clasped on her ankle.   Locks of hair are thrown about in an auburn blaze.   Her tight rosy lips are as red as her cheeks.   Her dark-blue eyes reveal a half-seductive, half-submissive look.   Her legs are in a subdued spread-eagle formation, leaving her crotch area quite visible.   Her white panties leave little to the imagination. The sexual overtones are more than just a coincidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Suspend your imagination for a minute and ask yourself if the description formed in your mind a work of art or, instead, a photograph of softcore pornography, found in such magazines as Hustler or Playboy?   Where this description is taken from will be disclosed later, but let us concern ourselves with a problem that this... ...ed them.   A person at the time looking at his works would recognize them as prostitutes, a fact that is less distinct today.   His display of the "product" in some cases, could be seen as propaganda against prostitution.   Hence, he had an intellectual, not a pornographic intent.  Ã‚   This debate will continue, and perhaps no end may come of it until viewers have understanding of the artist's intent.

Natural Resources And The Politics Of Middle East Essay

Oil production in the Middle East has not only been a subject of geology or exploiting the lowest-cost field. Where exploration is performed and what fields are developed has been influenced as much by political as by economic factors. Until the late 1960s oil production and exports from the region significantly reflected the major western oil companies’ need to cope with the demands of the different governments in the Middle East, all of whom wanted to see more oil produced in their territories in order that they could get more revenue. The oil companies were as well concerned with the political stability of the regimes in the oil-exporting countries, the dependability of supply, the likelihood of the nationalisation of oil company facilities, demands over royalty levels and pressures to make use of and train local nationals. In view of the fact that then, what gets produced where and exported has depended on political and economic muscle within OPEC which efficiently determines country quotas. Iran was the first country in the Middle East in which oil was exploited with test production starting in 1903 and a key discovery in 1908. Under Reza Shah the country was politically stable, and the oil concession agreement which was signed with D’Arcy in 1901 on very positive terms was to run until 1994. The Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which afterwards turns into British Petroleum, was founded in 1909. Oil was not discovered in Iraq until 1927, however by that time Persian production was well established, plus a slow growth of demand, reflecting the fragile state of the international economy at the time, intended Iraqi oil exploitation was restricted in these early years. (Mohamed Rabie, 1992). Which oil fields were developed as well reflected rivalries in Middle Eastern interests between the major western powers. Britain, through the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, had a virtual monopoly of exploration in Iran, consequently the United States had little choice however to look to Saudi Arabia on the other side of the Gulf, the one area that had not come under European imperial influences. In the 1930s the oil fields of the eastern province were opened up, plus the Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO) was formed by a consortium of leading United States oil companies. It was ARAMCO that developed the Ghawar and Safaniya fields in the Dhahran area which were to prove to be the largest and most dynamic in the entire world. ARAMCO carries on to account for most Saudi Arabian oil production and exports, although it was nationalised in the 1970s and the role of the American associate companies is now restricted to specialist support and marketing. There was huge resistance to attempts to take over the oil concessions awarded to western multinational oil companies. Conflicts between the oil companies and host-country governments over revenues date back to the 1920s and 1930s when oil started to be exploited in noteworthy quantities, however it was the Iranian government which was the first to demand control of production. After Dr Musaddiq consolidated his power as prime minister in 1952 he set up the National Iran Oil Company, a state-owned entity, to take over Iran’s oil from the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. This aggravated a two-year boycott of purchases of Iranian oil by the major western oil companies. Purchases were merely started again when Musaddiq was overthrown and terms were agreed which were satisfactory from the viewpoint of the oil companies. (John Page, 1999). In the meantime the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company had changed its name to British Petroleum. It was to focus on developing the oil fields of the Emirates on the Arab side of the Gulf, where the rulers were much more co-operative. It was this new orientation and the co-operation with Shell, the Anglo-Dutch company, which were to consequence in the major developments in Kuwait, Qatar and Abu Dhabi, and ultimately Oman. The increasing importance of the Arab Emirates as oil suppliers was not so much a reflection of the quality of their oil or relative cost factors, to a certain extent what mattered was the political environment and the security of oil supplies. Iran, and subsequently Iraq, had their exploration and production curtailed on account of their political intransigence. The beneficiaries were the Arabian Peninsula states that had their oil fields developed and exploited to a greater extent than might otherwise have been the case on the basis of geological decisions alone. (Nora Bensahel, Daniel L. Byman, 2003).

The Effect of Levels of Processing on the Retention of Words

The Effect of Levels of Processing on the Retention of Words AbstractThis experimental study investigates how the retention of words depends on the levels those words were processed of among Vilnius lyceum youth. The hypothesis made was that the best retention should be after semantic processing of a word, the least - after structural and the medium - after phonemic. In the first part of the experiment, 20 participants were asked 30 questions about 30 words (10 in each of the analysis groups: structural, phonemic, and semantic). In the second part, participants were asked to recall as many words (out of those 30) as they could. The results proved the hypothesis as the best retention (4.0 words recalled out of 10) was in fact a result of the semantic, or the deepest, analysis of a word. In case of phonemic analysis, 2.4 words out of 10 were recalled and in the case of structural - only 1.3 out of 10. These results are coherent with the previous study named "Depth of Processing and the Retention of Words in Episodic Memory", which was carried ou t by Fergus I. M. Craik and Endel Tulving.Z-tabelleIntroductionThe experiment I have chosen to replicate, named "Depth of Processing and the Retention of Words in Episodic Memory", was carried out by Fergus I. M. Craik and Endel Tulving in 1975. The aim of this experiment was to check the theory proposed by Craik and Lockhart in 1972, which stated that memory traits depend proportionally on the "depth" of processing, where depth refers to a greater degrees of semantic involvement.The experiment carried out by Craik and Tulving included 20 subjects, tested individually, who were sit in the front of the tachistoscope and each trial shown a different noun . Before the word was exposed, the subject was asked a question related to the word. Question was constructed...

Music Censorship essays

Music Censorship essays Eventually it was discovered that God did not all want us to be the same. This was bad news for the governments of the world...Mankind must be made more uniformly if THE FUTURE was going to work out... It was about this time that someone came up with the idea of TOTAL CRIMINALIZATION, based on the principle that if we were ALL crooks we could at least be uniform to some degree in the eyes of the law. Shrewdly our legislators calculated that most people were too lazy to perform REAL CRIME. So new laws were made making it possible for anyone to violate them at any time of the day or night... which is one of the reasons why music was eventually made ILLEGAL. - Frank Zappa This quote from Frank Zappa is about how music and lyrics and censorship are so controversial that it has come to the point where people want to make music illegal. Censorship in music is a topic that has brought about much controversy in the past two decades. There have been many different arguments on the topic, however the question still remains if it should be censored or not. Some people believe that music should be censored so all audiences can hear it without it containing any controversial lyrics. Others believe it should not be censored and musical artists should be able to sing, speak, rap, or rhyme freely without anyone censoring them. People that think music should be censored believe that some of the language musical artists use is vulgar, obscene, and crude. Also the fact that music is played on medias such as radio and television, which are free to listen to by all audiences, there are many parents that would not wish for their kids to hear foul language. So on radio and television any controversial language is either silenced, edited out by a soft sound, or some artists make 2 versions of their songs; one that is made for the artists album, which is uncensored, and one for the television and radio with any ...

Understanding Customers and Competitors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Understanding Customers and Competitors - Essay Example Understanding Customers and Competitors At the same time every company has its customers with limited budgets. They are free to choose to purchase from a company or other then that company who offer the same goods and services and at the same time competitor of the first company. Customers also free purchase totally different substitute goods and services by means of their limited funds. Companies those offer similar goods and services are the direct competitors of each other. Thus it is most important to understanding the Customers and Competitors A company's marketing environment consists of the actors and forces outside marketing management's ability to develop and maintain successful transactions with its target customers. The marketing environment offers both opportunities and threats. Successful companies know the vital importance of constantly watching and adapting to the changing environment. Treacy, M. & Wiersema, F. (1993) mentioned that marketers take the major responsibility for identifying significant changes in the environment. More than any other group in the company, marketers must be the trend trackers and opportunity seekers. Although every manager in an organisation needs to observe the outside environment marketing it, marketers have two special aptitudes. They have disciplined methods-marketing intelligence and marketing research- for collecting information about the marketing environment. They also spend time in the customer and competitor environment. By conducting systematic environmental scanning, marketers are able to revise and adapt marketing strategies to meet new challenges and opportunities in the marketplace. Evans, J. R., & Berman, B. (1990) has stated the marketing environment is made up of a microenvironment and a microenvironments. The microenvironment consists of the forces close to the company that affect its ability to serve its customers- the company, suppliers, marketing channel firms, customer markets, competitors, and publics. The macroenvironvent consists of the larger societal forces that affect the microenvironment- demographic, economic, natural, technological, political, and cultural forces. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2006) argued that marketing environment is made up of five microenvironmental and six macroenvironmental components. The microenvironment consists of other actors close to the company that combine to form the company's value delivery system or which affect its ability to serve its customers. The first microenmental component is the company's internal environment- its several departments and management levels- as it influences marketing decision making. The second component

Near Field Communication (NFC) for WXPO Commerce Bank Essay

Near Field Communication (NFC) for WXPO Commerce Bank - Essay Example This is the reason for focusing mobile based services, as they are assumed to be an attractive and profitable business. However, there are many domains that can be categorized, one of them is called a mobile payment system. Researchers are continuously working to enhance mobile experience, consequently adding more services in to an affordable handheld device that can be convenient and cost efficient for both business and consumers. Previously, many mobile embedded services are launched. For instance, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Skype equipped with Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Bluetooth communication radio, Infrared communication, Built-in Modems, browsers, online access to bank accounts via Internet etc. This shows that the researchers are constantly working to provide a one-time solution for the customers. For instance, a hand held device will become multipurpose device that may also eliminate security issues, as a single device is easy to manage. In the same contex t, mobile payment methods are in reach, as new field communication (NFC) is embedded in many mobile chipsets around the globe (Ondrus, Pigneur 2009). This technology will revolutionize the way of utilizing services that are provided on the cell phone. Consumers can use their cell phone for mobile payments, ticketing and bus fares etc. moreover, NFC also facilitate cell phones for device to device communication, retrieving signals from other chipsets and sensors. For instance, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and card emulations (Ondrus, Pigneur 2009). Overall, NFC is considered to be an efficient communicator for proximity interactions between any two or more devices. Likewise, NFC comprises of contactless smartcard and the cell phone. One significant advantage of using a contactless smartcard from the traditional smart cards made of plastic embedded with a magnetic strip or security chip is that the card reader becomes faulty. The reason for becoming faulty is the dust and gre ase that can degrade the capability of the reader. Moreover, cost is the second factor i.e. there is no requirement to produce a physical smart card. Furthermore, the contactless smart card is more convenient, as it travels with the consumer due to its integration in the cell phone. As NFC uses a very short range of communication i.e. approx. 1.5 inches, it is safe and secure for conducting an online transaction with such a small distance. No one can disrupt of hack in between the two communication nodes i.e. the contactless smartcard and the responder. Moreover, an organization named as Molo Rewards has recently introduced a program that is utilizing NFC technology. Consumers can download different coupons by swiping their cell phones at the point of purchase (†¦, Early days but wallet-less payments are the future  « As I learn 2011). Moreover, NFC supported phones are now widely available in many countries; organization has started to integrate RFID tags on the back cover o r casing of the cell phone (†¦, Early days but wallet-less payments are the future  « As I learn 2011). Furthermore, organization has mentioned these lines on their website â€Å"Want to send a coupon to a consumer who purchased a box of cereal on the 21st of December at 11am EST. MoLo Rewards can provide you with the

Describe the emergence of transitional political islam Essay

Describe the emergence of transitional political islam - Essay Example he emergence of the transitional political Islam, the Arab Spring protested increased the influence of the Islamic parties among several countries that has seen dissipated power. The paper reviews the emergence of transitional political Islam in the Middle East and North Africa during the Arab Spring. The resurgence of Islam is closely associated with the crushing of military defeats of Arabic countries that suffered in the hands of the hands of Israeli forces in 1967. After the fail of the military in Arab resulted into the Islamic revival that grow to challenge nations in the Middle East and North Africa (Barton et al, 2014). According to Howard (2010), the exodus of these began with the formation of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt that found in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna that became very influential in religious and political sector. The Muslim Brotherhood movement gained popularity among the Islam as it addressed issues affecting and threatening Muslim societies such as westernization, secularization and materialism. However, the movement did not last long before it suffered a terrible blow, for instance during the rule of Islamist President Mohammed Morsi in Egypt that was followed by onslaught of the Muslim brotherhood movement. The effect was evident across several nations su ch as Tunisia where the Islamist Ennahda party lost election. The Arab Spring protest came as a surprise to Islamic bodies bringing many unanswered issues to light such as religious and political differences. Islamist had a difficult moment addressing the issue among different people because of the delicacy of the matter as it included varied constituencies requiring different things (McCormick, 2012). However, the Islamists from most of the Middle East States who are ruled by autocratic regimes who gains power by denying the Islamists a popular vote that brutally suppresses of both the leaders and followers. In the same spirit, this has escalated autocracy among nations in the Middle

An Effective Classroom Teacher Essay Example for Free

An Effective Classroom Teacher Essay I believe that with being a teacher comes great responsibility. A teacher will leave a lasting impression on their pupils, they should be free from any prejudice and treat children as individuals by respecting their backgrounds, religion, disability and race. I am extremely concerned about becoming an effective teacher and many factors contribute to this. This essay will highlight my areas of concern and how my initial thoughts have developed during my placement. My areas of concern include planning and executing enjoyable lessons. They also include the strategies I observed the teacher using to mange behaviour in the classroom which is essential for the smooth flow of the day. Confidence is a factor which I feel improves every time you teach, and if lessons are well planned and subject knowledge is secure a teacher would automatically begin to feel confident. I am also concerned about classroom organisation and the implementation of routines. I observed many examples of set routines which the school follow, this is the responsibility of the teacher to enforce and then keep consistent. These are all attributes or responsibilities of an effective teacher and this essay will explore them and discuss possible ways of improving or developing them. I have also included my experience regarding assessment and the importance of identifying strengths and weaknesses to become an effective teacher. Finally, I have included some experiences of my university education which has helped me to identify my areas for concern. I feel that being an effective teacher should involve valuing, gaining and giving respect to the children. I was concerned how this could be achieved. I saw fantastic examples on my school placement which I hope to adopt myself. Every morning the teacher would give the children time to settle on the carpet and instead of talking amongst each other, they would in turn talk to the teacher and the rest of the class, often about issues which were concerning them or something exciting that happened over the weekend. The teacher made sure every child had a chance to talk no matter how trivial. She showed genuine interest in them and never let them feel insignificant. I really admired the teacher for this. I initially thought it was just a nice way to start the morning however, after thinking about it so many strategies are involved and learning taking place. The children develop confidence in talking in front of the class; they are sharing their thoughts and feelings, and learning how to express themselves. The bond of trust is being formed between pupil and teacher. Finally, it is good strategy for managing behaviour. Children learn to listen to each other and they also learn patience and turn-taking. The most effective teachers frequently involved the whole class in discussion and were skilled at doing this, which was not necessarily whole-class teaching as such. (Dean, J. (2001) p.39)Â  Therefore I feel that it is extremely important to value a child despite race, gender, religion or disability. And to truly show an interest in them and respect their thoughts and beliefs. I feel that I established a good relationship with the children and they felt comfortable around me. This is where I felt I was effective in my teaching. All this contributes to being an effective teacher. Mortimore et al. (1988) found that effective teachers gave rewards rather than punishments, as punishments had a negative effect on learning. I observed a great deal of this on my school placement which I quickly adopted. Unwanted behaviour was often ignored until absolutely necessary, whereas good behaviour was praised quickly and an example made of it to the rest of the class. This practise worked, I saw the class react quickly try and act the same way to please the teacher and me as a student teacher. I feel that an effective teacher should have implemented a classroom routine and then to keep it consistent. An arrangement of getting things out and putting away can be made with children. All the children can be given a responsibility of taking care of a small area of the classroom. Places for resources, books etc should have a permanent place and be clearly labelled to enable the children to tidy up efficiently. I also noticed that the class teacher had seated the children in rows on specific places on the carpet. Bennet and Blunder (1983) found that children got more work done when sat in rows. I found that this is an effective classroom management strategy. There are no arguments of sitting next to friends or lack of space. The children know where they sit and with one glance, the teacher can see who is missing and spot ant disruptions. The children were seated on the table in groups according to ability. Independent work was often completed on the tables, however, the child were always given the chance to discuss ideas with each other before asking the teacher for help.

The Pearl :: essays research papers

The Pearl The Pearl starts off with a poor family that runs into a problem. The problem is that their son Coyotito got bit by a posinous snake and they need money so that the doctor will treat him. Kino, the father, went out to find a pearl so that they would have enough money to get Coyotito to the doctor. The pivoting point in the story is when Kino finds the pearl of all pearls , the pearl he finds is huge. The whole town finds out about Kino's findings, he starts to since an evil feeling comeing from people and the pearl. When it comes to seling the pearl Kino can't sell it in his town because all the pearl buyers are working for the same person so they try to cheat Kino, but he doesn't sell the pearl. He then tries to go to the city to sell the pearl but before he can go he is attacked by someone trying to steal the pearl from Kino, Kino had to defend his self by stabbing and killing the attacker. So he has to flee the town because there are trackers comeing after him, his wife, Juana insists on going with him so they flee up to a mountain to get away from the trackers. There were three trackers , two on foot, one on horse with a rifle. Kino decided to attack them while they were sleeping, so when he attacked them Kino first tried to get the man on horse, in the struggle Kino killed the trackers but his son was killed by a bullet. Kino then threw the pearl away. Kino is a determined man , and he does what he thinks is right, like on selling the pearl to the towns pearl buyers. He has a small mustache and short black hair. Juana, kino's wife has long black hair and smart. A conflict in the story is when Kino had a choice between selling the pearl to the pearl dealers in his town or to sell it some place else. Alothough the towns people thought Kino should have sold the pearl to the dealer for the little amount he offered Kino, but Kino did what he thought was right and did

Capital Punishment :: social issues

Capital Punishment In the past, people have invariably felt that if they had been wronged in some way, it was his or her right to take vengeance on the person that had wronged them. This mentality still exists, even today, but in a lesser form because the law has now outlined a person's rights and developed punishments that conform to those rights, yet allow for the retribution for their crime. However, some feel that those laws and punishments are too lax and criminals of today take advantage of them, ie. organized crime, knowing very well that the punishments for their crime, whether it be murder, theft, or any other number of criminal activities, will be so negligible that it may be well worth their risk. Although in the past, the number of crimes that were subjected to capital punishment, defined simply as the death penalty for a crime, were outrageous. Amendments were made to reflect the changes in the society's views on the morality of capital punishment. That resulted in the narrowing down of the list of one hundred crimes to twelve, punishable by the death penalty in 1833, and in 1869 it was cut down yet again to just three: treason, rape, and murder because of violent nature of these crimes. These crimes, even today, are still viewed as violent and should be punished with the highest degree of discipline available to achieve justice. After much public pressure, capital punishment was suspended on a trial run in 1967. This proved to be ineffective, because even though the law stipulated that crimes such as treason or the murder of law enforcement agents, were still to be subjected to the death penalty, the federal cabinet continued to commute those criminals from death to life sentences, hence the law was not being followed and justice was not being served. This soon was followed with capital punishment's abolishment in 1976, as a formal declaration of what was already happening or rather what was not happening. It is felt that because of this and the fact that there has not been an execution since 1967, that today's current form of punishments are no longer a sufficient deterrent for such serious crimes and have contributed to a ever rising crime rate. So, this is where the real issue of whether or not capital punishment should exist begins and such a controversial issue could be best understood if we looked at capital punishment in a perspective of how it fulfils or does not fulfil society's ideas Capital Punishment :: social issues Capital Punishment In the past, people have invariably felt that if they had been wronged in some way, it was his or her right to take vengeance on the person that had wronged them. This mentality still exists, even today, but in a lesser form because the law has now outlined a person's rights and developed punishments that conform to those rights, yet allow for the retribution for their crime. However, some feel that those laws and punishments are too lax and criminals of today take advantage of them, ie. organized crime, knowing very well that the punishments for their crime, whether it be murder, theft, or any other number of criminal activities, will be so negligible that it may be well worth their risk. Although in the past, the number of crimes that were subjected to capital punishment, defined simply as the death penalty for a crime, were outrageous. Amendments were made to reflect the changes in the society's views on the morality of capital punishment. That resulted in the narrowing down of the list of one hundred crimes to twelve, punishable by the death penalty in 1833, and in 1869 it was cut down yet again to just three: treason, rape, and murder because of violent nature of these crimes. These crimes, even today, are still viewed as violent and should be punished with the highest degree of discipline available to achieve justice. After much public pressure, capital punishment was suspended on a trial run in 1967. This proved to be ineffective, because even though the law stipulated that crimes such as treason or the murder of law enforcement agents, were still to be subjected to the death penalty, the federal cabinet continued to commute those criminals from death to life sentences, hence the law was not being followed and justice was not being served. This soon was followed with capital punishment's abolishment in 1976, as a formal declaration of what was already happening or rather what was not happening. It is felt that because of this and the fact that there has not been an execution since 1967, that today's current form of punishments are no longer a sufficient deterrent for such serious crimes and have contributed to a ever rising crime rate. So, this is where the real issue of whether or not capital punishment should exist begins and such a controversial issue could be best understood if we looked at capital punishment in a perspective of how it fulfils or does not fulfil society's ideas