Describe the emergence of transitional political islam Essay

Describe the emergence of transitional political islam - Essay Example he emergence of the transitional political Islam, the Arab Spring protested increased the influence of the Islamic parties among several countries that has seen dissipated power. The paper reviews the emergence of transitional political Islam in the Middle East and North Africa during the Arab Spring. The resurgence of Islam is closely associated with the crushing of military defeats of Arabic countries that suffered in the hands of the hands of Israeli forces in 1967. After the fail of the military in Arab resulted into the Islamic revival that grow to challenge nations in the Middle East and North Africa (Barton et al, 2014). According to Howard (2010), the exodus of these began with the formation of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt that found in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna that became very influential in religious and political sector. The Muslim Brotherhood movement gained popularity among the Islam as it addressed issues affecting and threatening Muslim societies such as westernization, secularization and materialism. However, the movement did not last long before it suffered a terrible blow, for instance during the rule of Islamist President Mohammed Morsi in Egypt that was followed by onslaught of the Muslim brotherhood movement. The effect was evident across several nations su ch as Tunisia where the Islamist Ennahda party lost election. The Arab Spring protest came as a surprise to Islamic bodies bringing many unanswered issues to light such as religious and political differences. Islamist had a difficult moment addressing the issue among different people because of the delicacy of the matter as it included varied constituencies requiring different things (McCormick, 2012). However, the Islamists from most of the Middle East States who are ruled by autocratic regimes who gains power by denying the Islamists a popular vote that brutally suppresses of both the leaders and followers. In the same spirit, this has escalated autocracy among nations in the Middle

An Effective Classroom Teacher Essay Example for Free

An Effective Classroom Teacher Essay I believe that with being a teacher comes great responsibility. A teacher will leave a lasting impression on their pupils, they should be free from any prejudice and treat children as individuals by respecting their backgrounds, religion, disability and race. I am extremely concerned about becoming an effective teacher and many factors contribute to this. This essay will highlight my areas of concern and how my initial thoughts have developed during my placement. My areas of concern include planning and executing enjoyable lessons. They also include the strategies I observed the teacher using to mange behaviour in the classroom which is essential for the smooth flow of the day. Confidence is a factor which I feel improves every time you teach, and if lessons are well planned and subject knowledge is secure a teacher would automatically begin to feel confident. I am also concerned about classroom organisation and the implementation of routines. I observed many examples of set routines which the school follow, this is the responsibility of the teacher to enforce and then keep consistent. These are all attributes or responsibilities of an effective teacher and this essay will explore them and discuss possible ways of improving or developing them. I have also included my experience regarding assessment and the importance of identifying strengths and weaknesses to become an effective teacher. Finally, I have included some experiences of my university education which has helped me to identify my areas for concern. I feel that being an effective teacher should involve valuing, gaining and giving respect to the children. I was concerned how this could be achieved. I saw fantastic examples on my school placement which I hope to adopt myself. Every morning the teacher would give the children time to settle on the carpet and instead of talking amongst each other, they would in turn talk to the teacher and the rest of the class, often about issues which were concerning them or something exciting that happened over the weekend. The teacher made sure every child had a chance to talk no matter how trivial. She showed genuine interest in them and never let them feel insignificant. I really admired the teacher for this. I initially thought it was just a nice way to start the morning however, after thinking about it so many strategies are involved and learning taking place. The children develop confidence in talking in front of the class; they are sharing their thoughts and feelings, and learning how to express themselves. The bond of trust is being formed between pupil and teacher. Finally, it is good strategy for managing behaviour. Children learn to listen to each other and they also learn patience and turn-taking. The most effective teachers frequently involved the whole class in discussion and were skilled at doing this, which was not necessarily whole-class teaching as such. (Dean, J. (2001) p.39)Â  Therefore I feel that it is extremely important to value a child despite race, gender, religion or disability. And to truly show an interest in them and respect their thoughts and beliefs. I feel that I established a good relationship with the children and they felt comfortable around me. This is where I felt I was effective in my teaching. All this contributes to being an effective teacher. Mortimore et al. (1988) found that effective teachers gave rewards rather than punishments, as punishments had a negative effect on learning. I observed a great deal of this on my school placement which I quickly adopted. Unwanted behaviour was often ignored until absolutely necessary, whereas good behaviour was praised quickly and an example made of it to the rest of the class. This practise worked, I saw the class react quickly try and act the same way to please the teacher and me as a student teacher. I feel that an effective teacher should have implemented a classroom routine and then to keep it consistent. An arrangement of getting things out and putting away can be made with children. All the children can be given a responsibility of taking care of a small area of the classroom. Places for resources, books etc should have a permanent place and be clearly labelled to enable the children to tidy up efficiently. I also noticed that the class teacher had seated the children in rows on specific places on the carpet. Bennet and Blunder (1983) found that children got more work done when sat in rows. I found that this is an effective classroom management strategy. There are no arguments of sitting next to friends or lack of space. The children know where they sit and with one glance, the teacher can see who is missing and spot ant disruptions. The children were seated on the table in groups according to ability. Independent work was often completed on the tables, however, the child were always given the chance to discuss ideas with each other before asking the teacher for help.

The Pearl :: essays research papers

The Pearl The Pearl starts off with a poor family that runs into a problem. The problem is that their son Coyotito got bit by a posinous snake and they need money so that the doctor will treat him. Kino, the father, went out to find a pearl so that they would have enough money to get Coyotito to the doctor. The pivoting point in the story is when Kino finds the pearl of all pearls , the pearl he finds is huge. The whole town finds out about Kino's findings, he starts to since an evil feeling comeing from people and the pearl. When it comes to seling the pearl Kino can't sell it in his town because all the pearl buyers are working for the same person so they try to cheat Kino, but he doesn't sell the pearl. He then tries to go to the city to sell the pearl but before he can go he is attacked by someone trying to steal the pearl from Kino, Kino had to defend his self by stabbing and killing the attacker. So he has to flee the town because there are trackers comeing after him, his wife, Juana insists on going with him so they flee up to a mountain to get away from the trackers. There were three trackers , two on foot, one on horse with a rifle. Kino decided to attack them while they were sleeping, so when he attacked them Kino first tried to get the man on horse, in the struggle Kino killed the trackers but his son was killed by a bullet. Kino then threw the pearl away. Kino is a determined man , and he does what he thinks is right, like on selling the pearl to the towns pearl buyers. He has a small mustache and short black hair. Juana, kino's wife has long black hair and smart. A conflict in the story is when Kino had a choice between selling the pearl to the pearl dealers in his town or to sell it some place else. Alothough the towns people thought Kino should have sold the pearl to the dealer for the little amount he offered Kino, but Kino did what he thought was right and did

Capital Punishment :: social issues

Capital Punishment In the past, people have invariably felt that if they had been wronged in some way, it was his or her right to take vengeance on the person that had wronged them. This mentality still exists, even today, but in a lesser form because the law has now outlined a person's rights and developed punishments that conform to those rights, yet allow for the retribution for their crime. However, some feel that those laws and punishments are too lax and criminals of today take advantage of them, ie. organized crime, knowing very well that the punishments for their crime, whether it be murder, theft, or any other number of criminal activities, will be so negligible that it may be well worth their risk. Although in the past, the number of crimes that were subjected to capital punishment, defined simply as the death penalty for a crime, were outrageous. Amendments were made to reflect the changes in the society's views on the morality of capital punishment. That resulted in the narrowing down of the list of one hundred crimes to twelve, punishable by the death penalty in 1833, and in 1869 it was cut down yet again to just three: treason, rape, and murder because of violent nature of these crimes. These crimes, even today, are still viewed as violent and should be punished with the highest degree of discipline available to achieve justice. After much public pressure, capital punishment was suspended on a trial run in 1967. This proved to be ineffective, because even though the law stipulated that crimes such as treason or the murder of law enforcement agents, were still to be subjected to the death penalty, the federal cabinet continued to commute those criminals from death to life sentences, hence the law was not being followed and justice was not being served. This soon was followed with capital punishment's abolishment in 1976, as a formal declaration of what was already happening or rather what was not happening. It is felt that because of this and the fact that there has not been an execution since 1967, that today's current form of punishments are no longer a sufficient deterrent for such serious crimes and have contributed to a ever rising crime rate. So, this is where the real issue of whether or not capital punishment should exist begins and such a controversial issue could be best understood if we looked at capital punishment in a perspective of how it fulfils or does not fulfil society's ideas Capital Punishment :: social issues Capital Punishment In the past, people have invariably felt that if they had been wronged in some way, it was his or her right to take vengeance on the person that had wronged them. This mentality still exists, even today, but in a lesser form because the law has now outlined a person's rights and developed punishments that conform to those rights, yet allow for the retribution for their crime. However, some feel that those laws and punishments are too lax and criminals of today take advantage of them, ie. organized crime, knowing very well that the punishments for their crime, whether it be murder, theft, or any other number of criminal activities, will be so negligible that it may be well worth their risk. Although in the past, the number of crimes that were subjected to capital punishment, defined simply as the death penalty for a crime, were outrageous. Amendments were made to reflect the changes in the society's views on the morality of capital punishment. That resulted in the narrowing down of the list of one hundred crimes to twelve, punishable by the death penalty in 1833, and in 1869 it was cut down yet again to just three: treason, rape, and murder because of violent nature of these crimes. These crimes, even today, are still viewed as violent and should be punished with the highest degree of discipline available to achieve justice. After much public pressure, capital punishment was suspended on a trial run in 1967. This proved to be ineffective, because even though the law stipulated that crimes such as treason or the murder of law enforcement agents, were still to be subjected to the death penalty, the federal cabinet continued to commute those criminals from death to life sentences, hence the law was not being followed and justice was not being served. This soon was followed with capital punishment's abolishment in 1976, as a formal declaration of what was already happening or rather what was not happening. It is felt that because of this and the fact that there has not been an execution since 1967, that today's current form of punishments are no longer a sufficient deterrent for such serious crimes and have contributed to a ever rising crime rate. So, this is where the real issue of whether or not capital punishment should exist begins and such a controversial issue could be best understood if we looked at capital punishment in a perspective of how it fulfils or does not fulfil society's ideas

Financial Accounting Concepts: Pepsico, Inc. and the Coca Cola Company

Financial Analysis Randall Meeks Financial Accounting Concepts Mr. Carraher 9-12-2010 PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company have both been in production for ages. Both PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company have become common house hold names through out the world today. Pepsi is one of the best selling products in American history. â€Å"Pepsi is the number 2 soft drink company producer, the world over. Pepsi’s number one priority is making sure that their shareholders investments are profitable. Pepsi has been able to achieve this goal for the most part via increased sales, keeping cost low, and spending money wisely.Pepsi takes pride in the name, they have built an excellent brand by deliver a product that is satisfying to the consumer, as well as safe. The investors in the company also can be happy with the return of investment†(investorguide. com). â€Å"The Coca Cola Company is likely, one of the most significant brands in American history. Coke can go in a ca tegory with a company like McDonalds when it comes to brand value, these two trademarks are 2 of the most recognized in the world. Coke is the highest seller of soft drinks, moving 1. 3 billion beverages that are served daily†(investorguide. com).Pepsi and Coke have been mass producing soft-drinks on an assembly line for a very long time and they both have been competing for the number one soft drink seller spot. PepsiCo, Inc and The Coca Cola Company targets all income segments of customers in the entire world as their products are high quality and very recognizable. Coke and Pepsi offer products so similar that you probably could not tell the difference in a blindfolded taste test. It is a well known fact that when a business goes outside of the United States borders, that production and supply channel become very important concerns.Both Coke and Pepsi own plants that manufacturer their products all over the world in many different countries and continents.. Both companies c ompete with each other and try to make sure they stay relevant. They also tend to copy each other and try to outdo one another on a day to day basis. I will go in detail to explain the financial comparison and contrasting between both companies. I will also explain the vertical and horizontal comparison between the two companies. The main point I will make is to show the difference between both companies financially. Vertical AnalysisConsolidated Income Statement The cost of goods of PepsiCo Inc was $11,031 and $12,314 in 2004 and 2005. The price of product sold in 2004 was 38% of net sales and in 2005, it was 37. 82% of net sale. The price of goods sold went down in 2005. The cost of commodities was $7,674 and $8,195 in 2004 and 2005 for Coke. It was 35% and 35. 47% of net sales in 2004 and 2005. Cost of commodities sold increased for The Coca Cola Company and decreased for PepsiCo, Inc. The operating expense for PepsiCo, Inc was 43% and 43. 54% of net sales in 2004 and 2005. The o perating expenses for Coca Cola were 36% and 37. 2% of net sales in 2004 and 2005. PepsiCo, Inc and The Coca Cola Companies operating expense increased in 2005. The earning before T&I of PepsiCo Inc was 18% and 18. 19% of sales in 2004 and 2005.The operating income for The Coca Cola Company was 26% and 26. 34% in 2004 and 2005. PepsiCo, Inc and The Coca Cola Companies operating income increased. The net income for PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company for 2005 was 21. 09% and 12. 52% The Coca Cola Companies net income ratios was higher than PepsiCo, Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheet The current and total assets for PepsiCo, Inc were 31% and 32. 5% in 2004 and 2005. On the opposite side, the total current assets were 39% and 34. 83% in 2004 and 2005. The liquidity position for PepsiCo, Inc. decreased in 2005 and The Coca Cola Company increased in 2005. The additional assets and fixed assets for PepsiCo Inc, were 69% and 67. 05% in 2004 and 2005. The Coca Cola Companies fixed assets w ere 61% and 65. 17% in 2004 and 2005. The current liabilities for PepsiCo, Inc were $6,752 and $9,406 in 2004 and 2005. The total assets were 24% and 29. 65%. The current liabilities for The Coca Cola Company were $11,133 and $9. 836 in 2004 and 2005.The total assets were 35% and 33. 43%. The current liabilities for PepsiCo, Inc increased while the current liabilities for The Coca Cola Company decreased in 2005. The total liabilities for both companies in 2005 were 55. 08% and 44. 42% of total assets in 2005†¦ The equity for PepsiCo, Inc. was 48% assets in 2004 and 44. 92% assets in 2005. In 2005 PepsiCo, Inc. share holder’s holdings reduced. The equity shares were 55. 58% of assets in 2005 for The Coca Cola Company while in 2004, there were only 51% equity shares. The Coca Cola Companies equity shares were more in relative value as compared to PepsiCo.Horizontal Analysis Consolidated Income Statements The total revenue for PepsiCo, Inc in 2005 and 2004 were $32,562 and $29,261. PepsiCo, Inc had a considerable amount of net revenue in 2005 compared to 2004. The base year of analysis is 2004. The net revenue for PepsiCo, Inc. was 111. 11% in 2005. The total revenue for The Coca Cola Company in 2005 and 2004 were $23,104 and $21,742. Both 2005 and 2004’s revenues were less than PepsiCo, Inc. The net revenue of the company in 2005 was 106. 26% over 2004. The net revenue for 2005 was 6. 26% while 2004 was less.The growth rate of revenue for The Coca Cola Company is less than PepsiCo, Inc. The growth rate of revenue for both PepsiCo and Coca Cola was 11. 11% and 6. 26%. The cost of commodities sold for PepsiCo, Inc was $11,031 and $12,314 in 2004 and 2005. The price of goods sold went up as sales went up. The price of goods sold was 111. 63% compared to 2004's. The cost of commodities sold for The Coca Cola Company was $7,674 and $ 8,195. The cost of commodities sold increased for The Coca Cola Company in 2005 than in 2004. In general and adminis tration expenses of PepsiCo, Inc were $12,674 and $14,176.The operating expenses was 111. 85% in 2005 and 11. 85% more than 2004's. The total operating expenses for The Coca Cola Company was 110. 75% and 10. 75% in comparison to 2004's. PepsiCo, Inc had higher operating expenses than The Coca Cola Company. The operating income for PepsiCo, Inc was $5,259 and $5,922 in 2004 and 2005. The Coca Cola Companies total operating income was $5,698 and $6,085 in 2004 and 2005. PepsiCo, Inc. total operating income was 112. 61% over earlier years. The Coca Cola Companies total operating income was 106. 79% over earlier years.The Coca Cola Companies interest expenses for 2005 were $240 and for PepsiCo, Inc $256. PepsiCo, Inc. interest expenses were more than The Coca Cola Companies. PepsiCo, Inc. net income was $4,078 and $4,212 in 2005 and 2004, PepsiCo, Inc sustained losses in 2005 compared to 2004. The net income for The Coca Cola Company was $4,847 and $4,872 in 2005 and 2004. The Coca Cola Company earned more in 2005 than 2004. Consolidated Balance Sheet The total current assets of PepsiCo, Inc. were $8,639 and $10,454 in 2004 and 2005. The total current assets of PepsiCo, Inc. were 121. 1% prior year’s current assets. PepsiCo, Inc. current assets increased in 2005. The total current assets for The Coca Cola Company were $10,250 and $12,281 in 2004 and 2005. PepsiCo, Inc. current assets were 21. 01% more than prior year’s and The Coca Cola Company were 16. 57% less than previous year's assets. Further more the quick assets of PepsiCo, Inc were more than The Coca Cola Companies quick assets. It shows that PepsiCo, Inc liquidity was more than The Coca Cola Company. PepsiCo, Inc total assets were $27,987 and $31,727 in 2004 and 2005. PepsiCo, Inc. total assets increased by 13. 6%. The Coca Cola Companies total assets were $31,441 and $29,427. The Coca Cola Company decreased by 6. 41%. It shows that PepsiCo, Inc. increased in 2005 more than The Coca Cola Co mpany. PepsiCo, Inc. current liabilities were $6,752 and $9,406 in 2004 and 2005. The total current liabilities of company were 139. 31% over prior year's liabilities. The current liabilities of Coca Cola were $11,133 and $9,836 in 2004 and 2005. The current liabilities were 88. 35% of previous year's liabilities. The Coca Cola Companies current assets and current liabilities decrease in 2005.The total liabilities of PepsiCo, Inc were $14,464 and $17,476 in 2004 and 2005. The total liabilities in 2005 were 120. 82% prior years. The Coca Cola Companies total liabilities were $15,506 and $13,072 in 2004 and 2005. The Coca Cola Companies assets and liabilities decreased in 2005. In 2005 PepsiCo, Inc. share holder’s equity were $20,638 and The Coca Cola Company $16,355. The share holder’s equity increased in both PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company. PepsiCo Inc. equity increased by11. 90% and The Coca Cola Company 2. 64%. Ultimately after reviewing and analyzing PepsiC o, Inc. nd The Coca Cola Company I have came to the conclusion that the net profit of PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company decreased in 2005 and in 2004 there was a profit. The operating expenses of PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company improved quite a bit in 2005. I believe both companies should reduce their operating expense. The interest expenses were also high in 2005. I believe all expenses for interest on a loan made to a corporation or other entities or finances from equity shares should be kept at a minimum. The main purpose of this paper is to explain the financial comparison between The Coca Cola Company and PepsiCo, Inc.Further more I explained vertical and horizontal analyses for the years of 2005 and 2004 for The Coca Cola Company and PepsiCo, Inc. The main idea was to show how both companies are financially different from each other. References Coca Cola Company (2010). Coca Cola Company. Retrieved September 8, 2010. From www. coca-cola. com PepsiCo Inc. (2010). PepsiCo Inc. Retrieved September 9. From www. pepsico. com Investorguide (2010). PepsiCo, Inc. Retrieved September 8, 2010. From investorguide. com Investor Guide (2010). The Coca Cola Company. Retrieved September 8, 2010. From investorguide. com

A Jobless Recovery essays

A Jobless Recovery essays In present day America we live in comfort and trust in our nations government to do the right thing for us Americans. Sometimes those decisions must endure hardships to get through to the gold at the end of the rainbow. Since decisions made in office take a long time to come into effect, it is hard to pinpoint problems and where to deal with them when talking about income and jobs. Since the recession of 2000 the distribution of income has become quite uneven. This due to an ever increasing unemployment rate. Well as Americans we would demand something be done top help this. However it is not the sole purpose of the American Government to make sure that every person is employed. Jared Bernstein stated in his article The Jobless Recovery, that a stimulus is needed to correct these problems. Well the stimulus he is looking for cant come from some economic program or grant, but only from the people themselves. In America today the root of most of these problems lies within the people and their unwillingness to follow laws. A lot of government resources are being dished out to immigrant children whos mothers crossed over the border, birthed their children and bounced. Money that could be going to something usefull is being wasted. Another example of wasted Government expenditure is the welfare system. Unfortunately the system that was set up to help those who could not provide for themselves ad their families is now being used and abused. People know how to beat the system and find every loop hole known to man to squeeze every bit of money out of the Government as possible. Why is there a huge loss of jobs and large unemployment? Thank you for asking. It all comes down to the laziness of the American people. Most Americans who are physically able to work just milk off government disability programs and choose not to get a job. These programs pay a pretty penny for those who know how to...

Clouds Essays - Cloud, The Clouds, Serbian Folklore, Shapeshifting

Clouds Essays - Cloud, The Clouds, Serbian Folklore, Shapeshifting Clouds Clouds I'VE OPENED THE CURTAIN of my east window here above the computer, and I sit now in a holy theater before a sky-blue stage. A little cloud above the neighbor's trees resembles Jimmy Durante's nose for a while, then becomes amorphous as it slips on north. Other clouds follow, big and little and tiny on their march toward whereness. Wisps of them lead or droop because there must always be leading and drooping. The trees seem to laugh at the clouds while yet reaching for them with swaying branches. Trees must think that they are real, rooted, somebody, and that perhaps the clouds are only tickled water which sometimes blocks their sun. But trees are clouds, too, of green leavesclouds that only move a little. Trees grow and change and dissipate like their airborne cousins. And what am I but a cloud of thoughts and feelings and aspirations? Don't I put out tentative mists here and there? Don't I occasionally appear to other people as a ridiculous shape of thoughts without my intending to? Don't I drift toward the north when I feel the breezes of love and the warmth of compassion? If clouds are beings, and beings are clouds, are we not all well advised to drift, to feel the wind tucking us in here and plucking us out there? Are we such rock-hard bodily lumps as we imagine? Drift, let me. Sing to the sky, will I. One in many, are we. Let us breathe the breeze and find therein our roots in the spirit. I close the curtain now, feeling broader, fresher. The act is over. Applause is sweeping through the trees.

How to Find the Meaning and Origin of Your Surname

How to Find the Meaning and Origin of Your Surname With a few exceptions, hereditary surnames- the last names passed down through the male family lines- didnt exist until about 1000 years ago. While it may be hard to believe in todays world of passports and retinal scans, surnames just werent necessary before that. The world  was much less crowded than it is today, and most folks never ventured more than a few miles from their place of birth.  Every man knew his neighbors, so  first, or given names, were the only designations necessary.  Even kings got by with a single name. During the middle ages, as families got bigger and villages got a bit more crowded, individual names became inadequate to distinguish friends and neighbors from one another. One John might be called John son of William to distinguish him from his neighbor, John the smith, or his friend John of the dale. These secondary names, werent quite yet the surnames as we know them today, however, because they werent passed down from father to son. John, son of William, for example, might have a son known as Robert, the fletcher (arrow maker). Last names that were passed down unchanged from one generation to the next first came into use in Europe about 1000 A.D., beginning in southern areas and gradually spreading northward. In many countries, the use of hereditary surnames began with the nobility who often called themselves after their ancestral seats. Many of the gentry, however, did not adopt surnames until the 14th century, and it was not until about 1500 A.D. that most surnames became inherited and no longer transformed with a change in a persons appearance, job, or place of residence. Surnames, for the most part, drew their meanings from the lives of men in the Middle Ages, and their origins can be divided into four main categories: Patronymic Surnames Patronymics- last names derived from a fathers name- were widely used in forming surnames, especially in the Scandinavian countries. Occasionally, the name of the mother contributed the surname, referred to as a matronymic surname. Such names were formed by adding a prefix or suffix denoting either son of or daughter of. English and Scandinavian names ending in son are patronymic surnames, as are many names prefixed with the Gaelic Mac, the Norman Fitz, the Irish O, and the Welsh ap. Examples: The son of John (Johnson), son of Donald (MacDonald), son of Patrick (Fitzpatrick), son of Brien (OBrien), son of Howell (ap Howell). Place Names or Local Names One of the most common ways to differentiate one man from his neighbor was to describe him in terms of his geographic surroundings or location (similar to describing a friend as the one who lives down the street). Such local names denoted some of the earliest instances of surnames in France, and were quickly introduced into England by the Norman nobility who chose names based on the locations of their ancestral estates. If a person or family migrated from one place to another, they were often identified by the place they came from. If they lived near a stream, cliff, forest, hill, or other geographic feature, this might be used to describe them. Some last names can still be traced back to their exact place of origin, such as a particular city or county, while others have origins lost in obscurity (Atwood lived near a wood, but we dont know which one). Compass directions were another common geographic identification in the Middle Ages (Eastman, Westwood). Most geographic-based surname s are easy to spot, though the evolution of language has made others less obvious, i.e. Dunlop (muddy hill). Examples: Brooks lived along a brook; Churchill lived near a church on a hill; Neville came from Neville-Seine-Maritime, France or Neuville (New Town), a common place name in France; Parris came from- you guessed it- Paris, France. Descriptive Names (Nicknames) Another class of surnames, those derived from a physical or other characteristic of ​the  first bearer, make up an estimated 10% of all surname or family names. These descriptive surnames are thought to have originally evolved as nicknames during the Middle Ages when men created nicknames or pet names for his neighbors and friends based on personality or physical appearance. Thus, Michael the strong became Michael Strong and black-haired Peter became Peter Black. Sources for such nicknames included: an unusual size or shape of the body, bald heads, facial hair, physical deformities, distinctive facial features, skin or hair coloring, and even emotional disposition. Examples: Broadhead, a person with a large head; Baines (bones), a thin man; Goodman, a generous individual; Armstrong, strong in the arm Occupational Names The last class of surnames to develop reflect the occupation or status of the first bearer. These occupational last names, derived from the specialty crafts and trades of the medieval period, are fairly self-explanatory. A Miller was essential for grinding flour from grain, a Wainwright was a wagon builder, and Bishop was in the employ of a Bishop. Different surnames often developed from the same occupation based on the language of the country of origin (Mà ¼ller, for example, is German for Miller). Examples:  Alderman, an official clerk of the court; Taylor, one that makes or repairs garments; Carter, a maker/driver of carts; Outlaw, an outlaw or criminal Despite these basic surname classifications, many last names  or surnames of today seem to defy explanation. The majority of these are probably corruptions of the original surnames- variations that have become disguised almost beyond recognition.  Surname spelling  and pronunciation has evolved over many centuries, often making it hard for current generations to determine the origin and evolution of their surnames. Such  family name derivations, resulting from a variety of factors, tend to confound both genealogists and etymologists. It is fairly common for different branches of the same family to carry different last names, as the majority of English and American surnames have, in their history, appeared in four to more than a dozen variant spellings. Therefore, when researching the origin of your surname, it is important to work your way back through the generations in order to determine the  original family name, as the surname that you carry now may have an entirely different meaning than the surname of your distant ancestor. It is also important to remember that some surnames, though their origins may appear obvious, arent what they seem. Banker, for example, is not an occupational surname, instead meaning dweller on a hillside.

Ameresco Inc.(AMRC) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ameresco Inc.(AMRC) - Research Paper Example important to explain that current ratio under 1 indicates that a company does not have enough money which can be used in financing its daily operations or activities. A high current ratio is good for the organization. During the same period, the quick ratio of Ameresco was 0.98 (Ameresco Inc, 2015). This is a good indication, and it means that the company has enough liquidity, to meet its short term liabilities. On the other hand, the debt/equity ratio of the company is 0.37 (Ameresco Inc, 2015). This is a very low figure, which denotes that the company does not use debts for purposes of financing its operations. Based on this analysis, it is important to explain that the financial health of Ameresco as per the year 2012/2013 was very good. The major competitor of Ameresco is Johnson Controls. Johnson Controls is one of the Fortune 500 companies, and it has an employee base, of around 170,000 people. Due to its large size, it enjoys the benefits of economies of scale, in comparison to Ameresco. As of 2013, the current ratio of the company was 1.13 (Johnson Controls Inc, 2015). This is a lower figure compared to that of Ameresco, which stood at 1.90. This is an indication that Ameresco had a better capability of catering to its short term liabilities, when compared to Johnson Controls. In the same year, the quick ratio of the company was 0.68 (Johnson Controls Inc, 2015). This is a very low figure compared to Ameresco, and it is an indication that the company is struggling to pay off its bills. The debt to equity ratio of the company for the year 2013 was 0.37 (Johnson Controls Inc, 2015). This figure is the same, compared to that of Ameresco, and it is an indication that the company does not rely on debt to finance its operations. Based on this analysis, it is important t o explain that despite the large size of Johnson Controls, Ameresco has a better financial health. The uses of ratios, currency evaluations, capital budgeting and financial leverages are

Strength Training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strength Training - Essay Example ing my understanding that muscles have to develop with relaxation from the training schedule, I have opted to alternate the training regularly, is this case; I do train four times in a week. In the four session of the week, I take a standardized time for each training day- one and a half hours. Evaluating the training session, I can gauge my training intensity in a scale of 1-10 to be 8 out of the possible 10. I carry out my training in a public gym facility with the motivation to develop the power to make stronger service and hit during plays. I decided to read the article, â€Å"How Weight training Improves Your Body†, as it i addresses some of the fundemetals of training that are overlooked by the trainees of which I found very educative on the issues relating to strength training and how to train without harm or exhaustion of the body. The information from this article informs my fitness regime on the various types of weight training exercise and what they signify, which made my training goal-oriented avoiding the random training with no target. In conclusion, I have learnt that there are several factors that determines muclses development and thattraining gains are reversible, if one opts using weight that are below the usual capacity. In this regard, I have come to realise that there is the tolerance level even in weight

A Science Column Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Science Column - Essay Example A physical quantity is defined by the sequence of operations used to determine its value (Wiliamson). The grouping of several physical quantities to find out the values of each in relation to each other is what constitutes a physical law which is defined as. The laws of thermodynamics relate the heat with temperature changes in materials of different kinds. To be clearer on this, let us begin by defining the various laws of thermodynamics. To begin with the first laws which states that Heat is a form of energy, and energy is conserved (Wiliamson). Here the first law confirms that heat is a form of energy and that it can be conserved. This is seen when we use electricity in our homes, the electrical energy is usually stored in the form of water which is then used to drive turbines hence generating electricity which we often use in our homes. This can always be conserved to minimize wastages by either conserving the water stored in a dam or switching off the electricity when not in use . The second law of thermodynamics can be stated in three different ways as defined by three different scholars. For our study we are going to use the definition of Kelvin which states that No cyclic process exists which produces no other effect than the extraction of heat from a body and its conversion into an equivalent amount of work (Wiliamson). The second law of thermodynamics here brings out the reversibility of thermodynamic processes, that is heat is never lost to the surrounding environments given that all factors such as heat loss to the surroundings through evaporation and other heat transfer processes are under control. This is always carried out in the laboratory by using a calorimeter, a laboratory instrument which is used to measure the amount of heat generated through chemical reactions and other physical changes. The calorimeter is designed for this purpose as it is made in such a way that it can minimize heat loss to the surrounding environment as well as heat gain from the same thus ensuring that heat contained in the materials is the same that is used in the entire experiment. It was upon the realization of the limiting factors in the definition of the term temperature by the two thermodynamic laws that the Zeroth law was devised the help in bridging the gap that was omitted. The zeroth law suggests that If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in equilibrium with each other (Wiliamson). This law enables one to order systems according to the direction of heat flow when these two systems are put into contact with each other. For this reason, a system is said to be hotter if heat flows from it into the other system which in this case is considered a colder one than the other when these two systems are put into contact with each other. The reverse is however true in the other direction. The third law of thermodynamics on the other and explains that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the t emperature approaches absolute zero (Wiliamson). This law suggests that all motions in a material tend to come a standstill, cease within that particular material as the temperature of that material reduces to absolute zero. All materials however must reach a state whereby the temperatures reduce to absolute zero hence no thermodynamic motions occurring within them. The three laws of

Remarking Public Exams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Remarking Public Exams - Essay Example In recent years, remarking of exam papers has come under acute scrutiny. In 2001-2002, this had been a big issue in the GCSE and A-levels examinations because the grades were very different from expectations and widely fluctuated. Questions like should the students be compensated if there is a legal action, has cropped up many times. This also resulted in some students taking a gap year. Students and parents were both disturbed by this years grading and it had not been easy for anybody. But schools were told that the variations are normal and had to be accepted1. There was an enquiry by the watchdog QCA and the question is not completely answered who and how the remarking should take place. Confusion has created a crisis. In 2001, A-level examinations saw 4,194 candidates had their grades increased by the normal procedure which rather shook the trust in the exam system. In 2002, BBC reported that A-level students can ask for re-marking. "Over 12,000 pupils across Wales have discovered they may have had their A-level papers incorrectly marked after English examination boards admitted they downgraded some results". http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/2268475.stm In 2002, during the crisis of remarking, The Chief Executive of the qualifications and curriculum authority gave exam boards and connected officials to come up with new guidelines as the existing guidelines proved inadequate. In 2003, exam board replaced paper marking with US designed technology to improve the speed and process. In 2005, more than 18,000 A-level and GCSE examination grades were changed after complaining. According to The Qualifications and Curriculum Authority's report, 53,600 of the 6.7 million A and AS-level entries were challenged. Of the six million GCSE, 48,422 enquiries happened and out of them 10.773 were altered. These figures relate to the five main exam boards, AQA, Edexzcel, OCR, WJEC and CCEA2. The revised grades helped many students in their university admissions. Government3 was of the opinion that regional centres of the exam boards would carry out the remaking as usual on priority because the deadline for remarking was almost over on every occasion and a fresh deadline was necessary to be authorised from the QCA. Over the recent years, there were rumours that wrong grades had been awarded and there was widespread unhappiness that lower grades caused problems during university admissions and funding possibilities which will in turn have problems on teaching and accommodation facilities etc. as a lower grade would create a continuous chain reaction, more so, when the student was sure of getting a better grade. The so-called gold standard exam has created unnecessary uncertainty which is rather unfortunate. If the exam results are significantly worse than expectation and are almost beyond belief, it becomes necessary to ask for a remarking instead of nursing a grievance that could become a psychological stumbling block. Teachers are equally mystified not knowing mostly what exactly the Board is looking for. Students are uncertain about re-sits. Some of the students who got upgraded after the review were happy, but the confusion and lack of trust in the system prevailed. Many questions were asked: Is it necessary to move away from standard based assessments Are there better ways of marking so that a remarking is not called for If remarking becomes an absolute necessity, are there better wa

Contemporary factors that contribute to sustaining stereotypes and Essay

Contemporary factors that contribute to sustaining stereotypes and prejudice against women's leadership - Essay Example Culture is a factor that contributes substantially to the persistence of the prejudice against women leadership. As such, Klenke (2011) posits that societal values continue to build negative perceptions towards women’s leadership. The idea of constraining women to the home environment is still influential. The society observes that women have a compromised leadership because their social responsibilities bind them tightly. Mainly men are more liberal since they have less social duties. Therefore, the society holds that their leadership is strong because they stand a chance of availing their full potentials in their positions. Additionally, some traditional ideologies fuel the stereotypic attitudes by predetermining men and women duties. As such, tradition assigns women simple careers like nursing, cleaning and child nurturing while careers viewed complex remains a reserve of men (Klenke, 2011). This means women can never be trusted with critical positions even if they exude distinct competencies or capabilities. Such perceptions have made men continue dominating top managements. Consequently, ideas built by these factors have led to proliferation of numerous subtle forms that challenges women’s career. Initially, women hardly earn promotions since the community view men to be confident, and with strong career orientation. As such, they are granted promotions confidently. Therefore, women’s career route tends to be still at some levels due to lack of promotions (Klenke, 2011). Furthermore, women receive little support for developing their careers. Many donors and organizations fund men; as opposed, to women since they are associated with poor. In conclusion, women continue to face extensive challenges in their career course. Values advocated by the society through culture and traditions have corrupted people’s minds hence leading to resistance. Unless the society understands the influential effects exerted by the cultural and

Remarking Public Exams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Remarking Public Exams - Essay Example In recent years, remarking of exam papers has come under acute scrutiny. In 2001-2002, this had been a big issue in the GCSE and A-levels examinations because the grades were very different from expectations and widely fluctuated. Questions like should the students be compensated if there is a legal action, has cropped up many times. This also resulted in some students taking a gap year. Students and parents were both disturbed by this years grading and it had not been easy for anybody. But schools were told that the variations are normal and had to be accepted1. There was an enquiry by the watchdog QCA and the question is not completely answered who and how the remarking should take place. Confusion has created a crisis. In 2001, A-level examinations saw 4,194 candidates had their grades increased by the normal procedure which rather shook the trust in the exam system. In 2002, BBC reported that A-level students can ask for re-marking. "Over 12,000 pupils across Wales have discovered they may have had their A-level papers incorrectly marked after English examination boards admitted they downgraded some results". http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/2268475.stm In 2002, during the crisis of remarking, The Chief Executive of the qualifications and curriculum authority gave exam boards and connected officials to come up with new guidelines as the existing guidelines proved inadequate. In 2003, exam board replaced paper marking with US designed technology to improve the speed and process. In 2005, more than 18,000 A-level and GCSE examination grades were changed after complaining. According to The Qualifications and Curriculum Authority's report, 53,600 of the 6.7 million A and AS-level entries were challenged. Of the six million GCSE, 48,422 enquiries happened and out of them 10.773 were altered. These figures relate to the five main exam boards, AQA, Edexzcel, OCR, WJEC and CCEA2. The revised grades helped many students in their university admissions. Government3 was of the opinion that regional centres of the exam boards would carry out the remaking as usual on priority because the deadline for remarking was almost over on every occasion and a fresh deadline was necessary to be authorised from the QCA. Over the recent years, there were rumours that wrong grades had been awarded and there was widespread unhappiness that lower grades caused problems during university admissions and funding possibilities which will in turn have problems on teaching and accommodation facilities etc. as a lower grade would create a continuous chain reaction, more so, when the student was sure of getting a better grade. The so-called gold standard exam has created unnecessary uncertainty which is rather unfortunate. If the exam results are significantly worse than expectation and are almost beyond belief, it becomes necessary to ask for a remarking instead of nursing a grievance that could become a psychological stumbling block. Teachers are equally mystified not knowing mostly what exactly the Board is looking for. Students are uncertain about re-sits. Some of the students who got upgraded after the review were happy, but the confusion and lack of trust in the system prevailed. Many questions were asked: Is it necessary to move away from standard based assessments Are there better ways of marking so that a remarking is not called for If remarking becomes an absolute necessity, are there better wa

Economic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic Analysis - Essay Example It is expressed as a percentage change in the quantity of a product demanded as a result of a small change in price. In reality, the price elasticity for demand is affected by many other factors other than just the price of commodity. When making calculations, it is normally assumed that all the other factors which could affect PED remain constant. High price elasticity means that the demand for the product is extremely sensitive to changes in commodity price. A zero measure shows that the demand is inelastic and thus will not be affected by changes in pricing. When the value is one, it shows that the demand is perfectly elastic and thus a pricing change will result to an equal change in demand. When the elastic is more than one, it implies that the demand is elastic and when the pricing is changed, it will automatically result in change in the demand from the item as wrong as all the another factors are kept constant. The cross-price elasticity measures the responsiveness of a product demand to changes in price of another commodity. It is measured as a percentage of change observed in the demand for a product as a result of price change of a completely different commodity. It can be used to determine the type of relationship existing between two products (Mankiw 2012). It allows economists to make a distinction between complementary and substitute commodities. Products can be defined as compliments of each other when the calculation of the cross elasticity for demand yields a negative result. When the measure gives a positive value, it is an indication that the products are substitutes of each other. When the calculations yield a zero measure, then there is no relationship between the products (Wetzstein 2013). When a competitor reduces prices of its prices, rival organization will have to consider the calculation of cross-price elasticity of demand in estimating the impact of this price change o n the demand for its products. This in turn makes the

Sallust and the Fall of Rome Essay Example for Free

Sallust and the Fall of Rome Essay Sallust also said â€Å"at home they lived frugally and never betrayed a friend†. This means they were always kind and never betrayed anyone. This was all before money became a factor. Sallust could see that Rome was becoming greedy and started to care only about money and knew Rome was going to collapse. He said â€Å"as soon as wealth came to be a mark of distinction and an easy way to renown, military commands and political power, virtue began to decline†. This was before the actual fall of Rome but it was absolutely correct. Rome began to fall apart over money and never went back. They ended up fighting themselves over money and that allowed others to take over. Sallust also said â€Å"such men, it seems to me, have treated their wealth as a mere plaything: instead of making honorable use of it, they have shamefully misused it on the first wasteful project that occurred to them†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This sums up how the thought of money as a toy and used it on the first thing they saw. This greed made Rome fall. Rome was the greatest empire of its time but all things come to an end. Some things ended with war or disease but Rome fell because of the greed of the people there. Greed never leads to anything good and this is probably the best example of that in history. Sallust was completely right when he predicted the fall of Rome over money but no one listened and that was the end of Rome.

Adolescent is an important stage of life for establishing health

Adolescent is an important stage of life for establishing health INTRODUCTION Adolescent are not monsters, they are just people trying to learn how to make it among the adults in the world, who are probably not so sure themselves. India is the second most popular country with total population of 1081million comprising nearly 30% of the total population, among which adolescents (10-18years) form a population of 22.5% (WHO, 2001 census). Adolescent is an important stage of life for establishing health behaviour, attitudes and life style. It is a period characterised by rapid physical growth, sexual, psychological, sexual and physiological growth. Health behaviour is one indicator of health of younger people that may serve both as a measure of health over time as well a target for health policy and pregnancy and prone to risk behaviour like aggression, victimization, depression, suicidal ideation, substance abuse and sexual behaviour (Grabber,2004). Researchers have revealed that a woman sexual development starts as early as 13 years, but her physique is not well developed to bear strains during pregnancy there is relatively high risk for the teenage mothers between 15-18years of age (Discovery academy, 2010) Adolescents are considered to be healthy since mortality in this age group is relatively low. Infact, the adolescent girls can do have a range of health problems like anaemia, increasing premarital sex, prostitution, reproductive tract infections, school drop out, poor nutrition, early child bearing and reproductive complications.etc (WHO, 2006). Today all over the world, teenage pregnancy is, emerging as a serious problem, approximately 15 million pregnancies occur every year among young women aged 15-19 years. They are more common in the developing country like India. Though 50% of girls get married by 18 years, 19% of total fertility rate (15-19 years) is adolescent pregnancy, 27% of them have unmet need of contraception, and 4.7% of them were using modern method of contraception (WHO,2006). Teenage pregnancy is defined as getting pregnant below 18 years. Young adolescents (12-14 years old) are more likely to have unplanned sexual intercourse and are more likely to be concerned in to sex. Most teenagers do not plan to get pregnant, but many do. Often teenagers do not receive timely prenatal care and they have a higher risk of pregnancy like high blood pressure and its complication, premature birth and low birth weight (Health Orates, 2008). Early marriage and early pregnancy are accepted cultural norms of our society. The outcome of teenage pregnancy is affected due to illiteracy, poor socio economic condition, inadequate prenatal care. Most of the adolescent girls dont have adequate knowledge about puberty, teenage pregnancy and other reproductive health. Negative perception which they gather from other sources often contributes to STDs and HIV infections (Chahande, 2002). High rate of mortality and morbidity has always been associated with pregnancy and child birth in pubertal and adolescent girls, and also a dramatic rise in the number of pregnancy, abortions, and sexually transmitted diseases. Thus it is increasingly recognized that good reproductive health really begins in adolescents. Reproductive health is influenced by many factors such as education, nutrition, sexual roles, sexual status, cultural practices and socio economic development (K.Park, 2009). A cross sectional observational study was conducted on prevalence of child marriage before 18 years of age among the young adult women in India. Data from National Family Health Survey-3 were limited to the sample of Indian women aged 20 years. The results showed that 44.5% of women aged 20 years were married before 18 years, 22.6% of women were married before the age of 16 years and 2.6% women of were married before the age of 13 years (Raja, Saggurti N, 2008) A cross sectional study on Reproductive pattern, perinatal mortality, and sex preference was conducted in rural Tamil nadu in India. In this study 30 village areas were randomly selected and served by health sub centres. The participants were 1321 adolescent women. The Result showed that 41% of the subjects (535) were primiparous, 7 subjects (0.5%) were grand multiparous. The, the neonatal mortality rate was 35.3/1000, the perinatal mortality rate was 42.0/1000 and the stillbirth rate was 13.5/1000 births (Birgitte Bruun Nielsen, 2000). NEED FOR THE STUDY Globally teenage pregnancy accounts for 16 million in the age group of 15-19years, in which 10% is teenage pregnancy, one -third is abortion, 14% of them miscarry and 52% will bear children. In developing countries accounts for 95% of teenage pregnancies, the highest teen birth rates has been recorded in Mississippi, with of 68.4%, Mexico with 64%, Texas with 63%, the lowest rates are recorded in countries with in northeast 18.7%, Vermont with 20,8% (WHO,2009). In India 42.9% girls are in age group of 15-17 years and 14% girls in age group of 17-19 years and 3/10 girls get pregnant before 20 years, 1/6 girls are born to teen mothers and 47% of Indian women aged 20-24 married before legal age of 18, and 56% are in rural areas. The total fertility rate was 6.2-6.7 (WHO, 2000). The recent studies revealed that teenagers become sexually active in early puberty and they face challenges of onset of menstruation compared to urban areas. 40% of teen girls aged 15-19 years had sex at least once and prefer the rhythm method of birth control. The incidence of teenage pregnancy was 63% and prevalence rate was 28 and 32 per 1000 in rural and urban areas of Tamilnadu. In Coimbatore, 15.2% of adolescent girls and 0.7% of adolescent boys are getting married early (WHO, 2005). A report by save the children found that, annually thirteen million children are born to women under age of 20 years in world wide. More than 90 of these births occur to women living in developing countries. The higher rate of teenage pregnancy in the world with 143/ 1000 girls in age group of 15-19 years is in sub-Saharans Africa and the Fertility rate in south Asia range from 71to 119 birth/1000 women aged between 15-19 years (Health and demographic survey, 2010). A descriptive and comparative study on knowledge, attitude and behaviour related to sex among teenage girls between nursing and non nursing college students was conducted in Taiwan. A total of 792 students were recruited from one nursing school compared to non nursing students. The nursing students had more knowledge on sex related issues. They also found that the close an intimate relationship was, the more liberal sexual activities tended to be. The participant was prone to accept premarital sex, and cared less about the virginity of future spouses, 60% students perceived that having a child before marriage was unacceptable, about 23% of participants had intercourse experience, while only 30% girls surveyed to have used contraception every time they had sexual intercourse. 11 students reported being pregnancy, but none chose to take their pregnancy to term. The finding of this study showed that nursing education may have a positive influence on the sexual knowledge, attitude and be haviour with regard to participating in safer sex among teenage girls (Tseng YH, 2009). The investigator while conducting health awareness programme, found that most of the adolescent girls got married at the age of 13 years, and they had poor hygiene, and low birth weight babies. The girls were not aware about puberty teenage pregnancy and other aspects of reproductive health. So the investigator felt the need to create awareness about teenage pregnancy. This study will help to assess the knowledge and attitude of adolescent girls towards selected aspects of reproductive health and prevent the complications. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM A Study To Assess The Effectiveness Of Structured Teaching Programme On Knowledge And Attitude Of Adolescent Girls On Teenage Pregnancy At Thottipalayam, Coimbatore. OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge and attitude of adolescent girls on teenage pregnancy. To administer structured teaching programme on teenage pregnancy among adolescent girls. To reassess the knowledge and attitude of adolescent girls on teenage pregnancy. To associate the findings with the selected demographic variables OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS Effectiveness: It refers to the extent to which the structured teaching programme on teenage pregnancy has achieved the desired effect in improving the knowledge and change in attitude of adolescent girls. Structured teaching programme It refers to systematically planned teaching programme, designed to provide information on teenage pregnancy to adolescent girls. Knowledge It refers to the information gained by adolescent girls on teenage pregnancy. Attitude It refers to the expressed belief and feeling of adolescent girls on teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy It is defined as teenaged or under aged girl usually in the age group between 13-18 years getting pregnant. Adolescent girls It refers to both married and unmarried adolescent girls in age group between 13-18 years. ASSUMPTIONS Adolescent girls will have lack of knowledge on teenage pregnancy. Adolescent girls need education regarding teenage pregnancy. Structured teaching programme on teenage pregnancy will help the adolescents to improve their knowledge and will help them to develop a positive attitude. Knowledge and attitude have strong influence on adaptation of healthy behaviour. HYPOTHESIS There is a significant difference between pre test and post test scores on knowledge and attitude of adolescent girls on teenage pregnancy after structured teaching programme. LIMITATIONS: The study is limited to Adolescent girls who are willing to participate. Adolescent girls who are available at the time of data collection. Adolescent girls who have attained menarche Adolescent girls at the age between 13-18 years. PROJECTED OUTCOMES This study will help the adolescent girls to get adequate knowledge and gain awareness on teenage pregnancy. It will help the adolescent girls to share information with colleagues and surrounding people. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A conceptual framework deals with abstraction, which is assembled by nature of their relevance to a common theme. It is a global idea about the concept in relation to a specific discipline . It describes the mental image of a phenomenon and integrate them into a meaningful configuration. Its a visual diagram by which the researcher explains the specific area of interest (Christenson J. Paula, 2000). One of the important purposes of conceptual framework is to communicate clearly the interrelationship of various concepts . It guides an investigator to know what data needs to be collected and gives direction to the entire research process (Kertinger K.N,1999). This study was aimed at assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge and attitude of adolescent girls on teenage pregnancy. The investigator adopted Penders Health Promotion Model (1984). The study seeks to increase an individuals level of wellbeing . The model focuses on aspects of individuals cognitive perceptual factors , perceived health status, health promoting services and perceived benefits of health promotion. The model also identified factors that influence health promotion activities. In this modified mode, the community nurse interacts to assess the level of knowledge and attitude on teenage pregnancy among adolescent girls who are influenced by the demographic variables. This model focuses on the following areas: Cognitive perceptual factors Perceived health status Health promoting services Perceived benefits of health promotion Barrier to health promoting behaviour 1. Cognitive perceptual factors The investigator assessed the knowledge and attitude of teenage pregnancy among adolescent girls by using structured questionnaire and rating scale. 2. Perceived health status The adolescent boys have adequate knowledge and positive attitude regarding teenage pregnancy or the adolescent girls have inadequate knowledge and negative attitude regarding teenage pregnancy. 3. Health promoting services Structured teaching programme of teenage pregnancy is given as health promoting service to the adolescent girls irrespective of their knowledge and attitude. 4. Perceived benefits of health promotion Health promoting behaviour is the desired behavioural outcome and is the end point of Health promotion model. In this study the health promoting behaviour developed by structured teaching program will result in improved health and better quality of life among adolescent girls. 5. Barrier to health promoting behaviour In this study if the adolescent girls have inadequate knowledge and negative attitude on teenage pregnancy, reassessment of adolescent girls knowledge and attitude was done. But it is not included in this study. force, 37.5% indicated it was with consent 57% have mentioned it was with out their knowledge (Lakshman Dissanagalee, 2008) A cross sectional study on youth risk behaviour surveillance was conducted in the United States. Health risk behaviour contributed to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among youth and an adult, which is often, are established during childhood period and extends to adulthood. These problems were interrelated and preventable. The youth risk behaviours surveillance system monitors 6 categories of priority health risk behaviour among youth and young adults. They are intentional injuries, violence, tobacco use, alcohol and drug use, sexual behaviour, physical inactivity and prevalence of obesity and asthma. A 20 local survey was conducted by CDC (centre of disease control) and state and local school based YRBS education in 42 states. It was found that among those who drinking alcohol of which 34.2% were currently sexually active and 38.9% did not used condom (Eaton,DK,2010). A cross sectional study was conducted on the characteristic of pregnancy among teenage girls at Nagpur in India. The participants were 462 postnatal women, less than 20 years old for a period of 1 month from 1st October 1999 to 30th June, 2000 at government hospital in experimental group . The control group included 500 primiparous women at the age group between 20-29 years at government hospital during the same period. The data was collected using the interview technique. The results showed that 97.8% were at the age group of 18-19 years and in the control group were at the age group of 20-22 years, 65.3% women and 62.6% women belonged to Hindu religion from the experimental and control group respectively, 8.6% women and 7.0% women were illiterate from the experimental and control group respectively, 53.2% women and 75.2% women were house wives from the experimental and control group respectively .In the experimental group the womens age at marriage was 16.7 years and in the control group it was 18.65 years (A.R Jadhao, 2007) A cross sectional observational study was conducted to assess the prevalence of child marriage on young adult women between 13- 20 years of age in India. Data from National Family Health Survey-3 were limited to the sample of Indian women aged 20 years (no=22). The results showed that 44.5% of women aged 20 years were married before 18 years, 22.6% of women were married before the age of 16 years and 2.6% of were married before age of 13 years (Raja, Saggurti N, 2008) A cross sectional study on health profile of pregnant adolescents among selected tribal populations was conducted at Rajasthan in India. The study participants included adolescent girls in 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy who were selected randomly from 15 tribal villages of Udaipur district. A total of 54 adolescent girls aged (13-19) years were included in present study of which 59% were found to be primigravidas, 30% were pregnant for 2nd time, 2 girls were pregnant for 3rd time. Majority were illiterate. A large number was found to be suffering from moderate to severe anaemia(n=42) weighing very less than 42 kg , 2 of the pregnant girls were associated to be suffering from pellagra, and 1/3 of the girls had vitamin A deficiency (Sharma V, 1999). A case control study was conducted to examine the socio cultural determinants of pregnancy among adolescents in Nepal .This study was selected to compare the education, economic status, family support system and freedom towards conception among teenagers and higher age group women. The study participants were adolescent girls (13-19) years and the older women (20-29 years) .The results showed that 70%adolescent pregnant women were compared with 70% of primigravida women. Teenage pregnant women who were less educated, had poor economic background were more likely to have accidental pregnancy due to love marriages (Sharma AK, 2002). A study was conducted to compare the risk of teen-age pregnancy in a rural community under 20 years old, in the state Maharastra in India. The study sample included 5994 deliveries in the rural health district area of Sirur. Adolescent pregnancies amounted to 598 deliveries. The perinatal mortality rate was (238) under 18 years old was 67.2%/ 100 live births. The neonatal mortality rate was 67.4.Statistically significant differences were found in the rate of low birth weight infants, stillbirths, and late neonatal deaths among the babies delivered by the women aged less than 18 years compared to other women. The perinatal mortality rate was 7-16 times greater than associated risk factors, except anaemia. The neonatal mortality rate was 2.5-18 times greater than associated risk factors, except anaemia and oedema. Late neonatal mortality rate was 2.2 times higher among infants with mothers of under 18 years old (Pratinidhi A, 2000) A population based case control study was conducted in Turkey to determine the degree of socio economic status as a risk factor for first birth at age 19 or younger in married women. The study group comprised of all married and pregnant women aged 15-19 yrs (adolescent pregnancies) attending primary care centres (144 subjects) and married women between 20 and 29 years, experiencing their first pregnancy (adult pregnancies) who were determined as the control group (144 subjects). A questionnaire was completed for each subject during face-to-face interviews. Analysis showed that adolescent pregnancy was more frequent in women from families with a low socioeconomic status, exposure to violence within the family prior to marriage, and among which families partially opposed or unopposed to adolescent marriage. Lower education level, lack of social security, living in a houses in which the number of persons per room was over 1, unemployed women and sisters with a history of adolescent preg nancy were also the contributing reasons ( Birsen gokce,2001). `A cross sectional study was done on social consequences and health problems among teenage pregnancy in rural Kathmandu valley in India. The study sample comprises of (15-19 years old) 180 subjects. This study was done for a duration of six month period among teenagers (10-19 years). The result showed that the preterm delivery was 50%, the prevalence of anaemia was 56.66% in teenage pregnancy and the haemoglobin level (less than 7.9 gm) was 55.67%. . It was concluded that the contributory factors for teenage pregnancy were low socio economic condition, less awareness of family life education and early marriage (Kafle PP, 2010) A retrospective study was done to determine the incidence and complication of teenage pregnancy at Chonburi, Thailand. In the experimental group the participants were primigravida women between the age group of 13-20 years(2,490) at chonburi hospital from 1st January 2000-31st December 2009.In the control group they were between the age group of 20-25 years (3,909) during the same period. The findings of the study showed that the experimental group had a lower gestational age during delivery than the control group(20% vs. 13.9%),the experimental group had more inadequate antenatal care than the control group (19% vs. 12.5%),anaemia was a significant between experimental and control group (17% vs. 1%), low birth weight infant mortality rate in experimental group was higher than the control group (Watcharaseranee N, 2006). A nested case control community based study to compare the risk associated with pregnancy and its outcome among primigravida adolescent and adult pregnant women was conducted at Delhi in India. The participant consisted of 64 adolescent and 175 adult primigravida in a cohort of 343 antenatal women. The result showed that the mean age of conception in adolescent and adult was 18.46 and 21.69 years. Complications were more common among adolescents like abnormal presentation and prolonged labour. Pregnancy wastage was 17.5% and 3.5% among adolescents and adult respectively (AK Sharma, 2002). A retrospective study was conducted on comparison of obstetric outcomes of pregnancy in older women and teenagers at Sangali in India. The participants are girls aged  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤19 years were compared with older women (19-35 years) in the same hospital. The study group 386 participants were compared with 3,326 pregnancies of older women. The Results showed that teenage mothers were three times more at risk of developing anaemia (2.83%), hypertension problem in pregnancy (2.2%) and low birth weight babies (1.8%),pre term babies (2.97%) and 50% less likely to have normal weight babies (0.5%). They also found that cultural practices, poor socio economic condition, lack of awareness of risk and low literacy rate are the main contributory factors (S. H. Mahavarkar, 2008). `A qualitative study was conducted on abstinence to assess the effectiveness of counseling training of health care providers among high-risk teenagers in the United States. Clinicians are enquired about adolescent pregnancy, HIV and STD prevention, which included abstinence by interview technique. The systematic content analysis was used to examine the effectiveness of counseling technique in different situations. The results showed that providing comprehensive counseling, and abstinence as a choice for teenagers, to reduce pregnancy among teenagers (Harper CC, 2010) SECTION B: Studies related to knowledge and attitude of teenage pregnancy A retrospective study was conducted to identify the level of knowledge, behaviour and education needs of school adolescents on Sexual and reproductive health in northern Nigeria. The participants were 989 adolescents from 24 secondary schools. The result showed that 72% of females had experienced menstruation, 14% of females were sexually active, 15% of females knew about the ovulation cycle, 44% of females knew pregnancy could result from first coitus and 56% of females knew about contraception, and 84% gave an opinion that adolescents should be given sexual education . It concluded that there is a need for education for secondary school adolescent (Adekun LA, 2009) A study was conducted on, knowledge, attitude and sexual behaviour of school adolescent girls in Transkei. A self-administered questionnaire was given to 1025 females from 21 secondary schools. Among the participants 75% of them were unmarried. The results showed that 74.6% had already been sexually experience, while 21% did not. Both sexually experienced girls and sexually inexperienced girls were living with their parents. It was concluded that sexual development and onset of menarche were the possible risk factors for initiation of sexual activity among school adolescent girls, as one third of sexually experienced adolescent girls been pregnant . It was also found that the contraceptive use was low among adolescent girls (Buga GA, 1999) A study was conducted to assess the attitude of teenagers towards sexual behavior among teenagers in U.K. The participants were 1500 teenagers aged between 13-18 years. A questionnaire was given to them. The result showed that, twenty per cent of 13 years old teenagers reported that they had sexual intercourse with a partner, 78% of them reported some form of sexual contact with a partner, 23% of female subjects had experienced sexual intercourse, 38% of male subjects had experienced sexual intercourse, 10% of teens indicated they would be denied to use condom and 37% were concerned about seeing clumsy when using a condom. 23% of males and 9% of females said they would be willing to have sexual intercourse without use of a condom. (Queenmary, 2010) A cross sectional study was conducted on knowledge, attitude and behavior of adolescent girls towards STIs/HIV, safer sex and sexual education in South Delhi, India. A self-administered questionnaire was given to 251 adolescent girls. The results indicated that more than one- third of students had less knowledge about the symptoms of STIs other than HIV/AIDS. The attitude scale showed 30% of subjects considered that HIV/AIDS could be cured, 49% of subjects felt that condoms should not be available to youth, 41% were confused about whether the contraceptive pill could protect against HIV infection/AIDS and 32% of subjects said that it should be taken only by married women (Alexandra McManus, 2008). A cross sectional study was conducted on objective and perceived knowledge of oral contraceptive methods among adolescent mothers in Brazil. The participants are 278 teenage mothers (15-19 years) admitted in 4 maternity hospitals. The result showed that 98% adolescent mothers had low objective and perceived knowledge of oral contraceptive and multipara was the only indicator of increased objective and perceived knowledge on oral contraceptive. It is concluded that there is a need for a more interactive approach with adolescents concerning their level of objective and pregnancy and its consequences (Souse, 2009). SECTIONC: Studies related to structured teaching programme on teenage pregnancy A randomized control study on the cost effectiveness of motivational intervention to reduce rapid repeated child bearing in high risk adolescent mothers was conducted in America. The participants were recruited from 5 urban clinics, 235 pregnant teenagers aged 18 years or younger who were at 24 or more weeks of gestation at recruitment were followed up for 27 months. Participants were randomly assigned to usual care (n=68) or 1 of 2 home based intervention conducted by community outreach workers and computed assisted motivational intervention was conducted. A single component motivational intervention was conducted quarterly .The result showed that CAMI (computer assisted motivational intervention) significantly reduces repeated births (0.47, 95%) than single component motivational intervention (Barnet B, 2010). An individual/ cluster randomized controlled trails to assess the effectiveness of primary prevention intervention on unwanted pregnancy among adolescents was conducted at Calbar in Nigeria. This study is to evaluate intervention that aimed to increase knowledge, change the attitude relating to risk of unintended pregnancy, promote delay in initiation of sexual intercourse and encourage consistent use of birth control methods to reduce unwanted pregnancy in adolescents aged 10-19 years. The participants were 95,662 adolescents (10-19 years) were included .The result showed that multiple intervention (education and contraception) lowered rate of unwanted pregnancy among adolescents and the evidence shows the effects of interventions on secondary complications (Oringaneje C, 2009). A community based support study on effectiveness of teaching on early parenting approach with in a community based support services for adolescent mothers was conducted in Canada. The participants were pregnancy or parenting teen mothers between ages of 13-19 years. The intervention group received a brief support intervention and direct teaching of keys to care giving programme. In order to control for the lack of a visit, the comparison group received brief social support. The result shows that the participants in the intervention group showed a significantly greater difference than control group. This finding was likely due to the fact that only one participant scored as being at risk for depression and she was allocated to the intervention group (Jane E.Drummond, 2008). A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of youth development programme in reducing teenage pregnancy, substance abuse and other outcomes in England. The participants were 2724 young people aged between 13-15 years are at risk of teenage pregnancy, substance misuse, or school exclusion or to be vulnerable and the study design was a Prospective matched comparison study. The intervention was Intensive, multi component youth development programme including sex and drugs education versus standard youth provision. The result showed that Young women in intervention group more commonly reported pregnancy than the comparison group (16% v 6%), early heterosexual experience (58% v 33%) than did those in the comparison group and the expectation of teenage parenthood is (34% v 24%) than the control group (Wiggins M,2007). A study was conducted on reducing Adolescent Pregnancy among unmarried adolescents through School and Community-Based Education in South Carolina. Intervention messages were targeted   at parents, teachers, ministers and representatives of churches,  community leaders, and children enrolled in the public school  system. The messages emphasized the development of decision-making  and communication skills; self-esteem enhancement; understanding  human reproductive anatomy, physiology, and contraception. The  estimated rate of pregnancy abortions for females   aged between 14 to 17 years in the country western portion has declined  remarkably since the intervention began, and the changes were  statistically significant when compared with three socio demographically  similar countries and also with the eastern portion of the country (Murray L, 1999) . A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of teenage pregnancy prevention programme among adolescent girls in U.K. The participants were 100 adolescent girls taken for the study . The result showed that four of these five programmes directly or indirectly provided access to contraceptive services reducing the proportion of adolescents who initiated sexual activity by as much as 15 percentages. The programs were most successful when they targeted younger adolescents. Three of these four programs significantly increased the rates of contraceptive use by as much as 22 percentage among participants ,provided access to contraceptive services and targeted adolescents who were younger and those who were not yet sexually experienced. These two programmes significantly decrease the proportion of adolescent pregnancy. It was concluded that there was a delay on sexual initiation, more training should be given in negotiation skills and decision-making, and teach on sexuality and contrace ption (Forrest JD, 2004). A cr

Essay --

Muhammad was a revolutionary he broke many customary ways and beliefs. Muhammad’s revolution affected all aspects of life. His peace ended disputes of families, tribes and nations but most importantly with all human nature. To Muhammad religion was a comprehensive concept. It was also a set of dogmas and doctrines alone with rituals and ceremonies. Religion was a way of life for Muhammad. He came raise mankind to a higher place of peace and progress. Before the rise of Islam Arabia was a desert wasteland who’s once great trading cities have fallen on hard times. Arabia is the last of inhabited lands towards the south, and it is the only country, which produces frankincense, myrrh, cassia, cinnamon, and laudanum. (1) The population was divided into rival tribes and clans that worshiped local gods. In the uninhabitable desert zones a wide variety of Bedouin cultures had developed over the centuries based on camel and goat herding. Towns and agriculture flourished on a limited scale. Over the peninsula the camel nomads, organized in clans were dominant. Although urban Islam had been pressured by writers of the Muslim civilization, the Bedouin world, in which the religion came, shaped the career of its prophet, his teachings, and the spread of new beliefs. Mecca and Medina were large extensions of the tribal culture of the camel nomads. Their populations were linked to kingship by Bedouin peoples. Bedouin herders occupied most of the habitable portions of Arabia. Farmers and town dwellers carved out small communities in the western and southern parts of the peninsula. Foreign invasion in the inroads of Bedouins people had all but destroyed the civilization before the birth of Muhammad. Mecca, located in the mountainous regions along ... ... In both his revelations and personal behavior Muhammad joined his followers to be kind and generous to the people including slaves. He forbad the rich to exploit the poor through unrealistic rents or rates on interests for loans. In his last sermon he states, â€Å"Remember, one day you will appear before ALLAH and answer for your deeds. So beware, do not astray from the path of righteousness after I am gone†. (3) The prophet’s teachings and the revelations of the Koran soon were incorporated into an extensive body of law. This regulated most aspects of the lives of the Muslim faithful. They lived in a manor that would prepare them for the last judgment which in Islam would determine there fate in eternity a strong but compassionate god with a strict but socially minded body of law set impressive standards for the social interaction between adherence of the new faith.

Diels alder reaction Essay

Result: For the Diels-Alder reaction: Maleic acid is 0.002 mol 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene is 0.002 mol The theoretical yield is 0.36g Cycloaddition product is 0.358g (maybe it was not completely dry when I weighted.) The % yield of Diels-Alder reaction is 99.4% For the hydrolysis: The theoretical yield of hydrolysis is 0.396g The experimental product yield is 0.28g (some solid left on the filter paper and some for the melting point measurement.) The % yield of hydrolysis is 70.7% The cycloaddition of a conjugated diene and a dienophile, which is drove by forming new ÏÆ'-bonds from Ï€-electrons of the diene and dienophile, which are energetically more stable than the Ï€-bonds. During the Diels-Alder reaction, the temperature should be kept between 60-70 â„Æ'. Because the boiling point of the butadiene is low and do not let it vaporize. After cycloaddition, pour the reaction mixture into 50 ml water under room temperature, the product would precipitate because of the low temperature. The acid added for the hydrolysis part is very important because acids have been used to accelerate the rate of the intra-molecular Diels-Alder reaction. The PEG 200 used in this experiment as the solvent for maleic anhydride is  make the experiments more green, which is less harmful and more environmental friendly. The melting point measurement is helping us to determine what we get basically. Compare with the IR spectra I got, the peak at 1792.62 cm-1 in the first spectra express the C=O bonds of the initial cycloaddition product, and the peak at 1697.14 cm-1 in the second IR spectra shows the C=O bonds of carboxylic acid ( RCOOH) of the final product.

Analysis of Ford Motor Company’s Essay

Ford Motor Company (FMC) manufactures and sells vehicles worldwide. The company has two business segments that include automotive segment and financial services. Ford carries out operations in North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Hence, the company has to ensure that its operations are working effectively to meet its organizational objectives. The company also has to ensure that its operations management strategies are adequate to provide maximum benefits to the company. Domestic car manufacturers are facing intense competition from foreign vehicle manufacturers such as Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Mercedes Benz, BMW and Audi just to name a few. There is thus the need to manage operations so as to improve efficiency, reduce costs and in the process achieve competitive advantage. Heizer and Render (2011), noted that operations management is a transformation process that occurs in companies producing goods and also in service organizations. Transformation process involves daily activities that focus on creating value for the organization. Operation processes are determined in terms of effectiveness (whether the process is able to attain company objectives) and efficiency (is the process using resources adequately). According to Davis and Heineke (2005), different types of transformation could be physical as in manufacturing, location as in transportation, storage as in warehousing, health care which is physiological, and informational which is telecommunication. Ford has numerous activities involving several areas that can lead to cost saving and translate into increased profitability for the company. By effectively implementing and executing operations management strategies, the company is able to deliver value to customers and generate more revenues and profits. Ford employs a wide range of operations strategies and one of these is product strategies. Product strategies employed by Ford includes having many vehicle platforms, brands, and models. As a result of their product strategy, the company is able to produce vehicles that are tailored to different customer requirements. The company’s manufacturing processes and product development carried out in one target region is different fro m another region (Kassab, 2011). Another strategy used by Ford is product pricing whereby its products are priced relatively low thus ensuring that as many people as possible can afford its products. Through this strategy the company is able to attract and retain customers which in turn lead to  increased sales. Ford has a wide range of product offering and is thus able to attract large number of customers. The wide range of products offered by the company allows it to maintain a balanced revenue stream Its product strategy is also an effective method in increasing market share as its numerous brands and models is able to attract a large number of diverse customers. Ford has shifted its product strategy towards new vehicle segments and this has proved to be profitable for the company (Automotives, 2011). Ford uses numerous production or manufacturing strategies that aims at promoting efficiency and effectiveness. Ford focuses on reducing time and material waste in production, increasing quality and reducing cycle times. All these strategies contribute to cost reduction by the company. In order for an organization to sustain growth in such a competitive market, it must be able to eliminate processes that waste resources, improve on product quality and achieve customer satisfaction. These factors enhance the company’s competitive advantage and its ability to remain in business. Ford previously utilized a total quality management (TQM) production strategy, however the company is currently shifting towards a six sigma approach. TQM was introduced in the company in the 1980’s to improve product quality resulting from intense competition from foreign manufacturers. TQM emphasizes on processes driven by quality and aim at achieving customer satisfaction. Implementing total quality management meant that processes within the company had to be adhered to strictly and continuously improved in order to meet customer satisfaction. TQM philosophy looks at developing a corporate culture that is customer focused, empowers employees and seeks continuous improvement. By focusing on the customer, Ford was able to provide value customers with product value and quality that ensured customer satisfaction. This in turn translated into revenue for the company due to repeat sales and first time customers. Essential components of effectively implementing TQM include a commitment from all stakeholders and a change in work culture. Managers at Ford demonstrate such commitment to quality by clearly initiating strategies and policies that aim at promoting quality enhancing activities. Ford’s workers at all levels are informed on steps that should be followed in order to achieve improved quality (Dahlgaard & Dahlgaard-Park, 2006). Total quality management reduces wastage in the production process and eliminates defects. The reductions in defects and  wastages assist in lowering production costs which can subsequently l ead to an increase in contribution margin. Lower costs can also facilitate the company’s lower pricing strategy to attract customers and gain competitive advantage. By implementing total quality management Ford was able to reduce amount of waste from production process and also improve on efficiency thus improving performance (Dahlgaard & Dahlgaard-Park, 2006). Ford has shifted towards a Six Sigma approach which aims to sustain company’s ability to manufacture quality products. The Society of Manufacturing Engineers magazine in 2011 noted that Ford’s reputation as a company that offers quality products was being tarnished as a result of a number of setbacks including recalls affecting several models and delays in introducing new ones to market. Customer surveys showed that customer satisfaction and quality of Ford cars had reduced and was behind competition thus the need for the company to shift to a new approach in order to improve on quality concerns. Six Sigma is more structured and profit oriented compared to total quality management. Ford shifted to this new approach in an attempt to improve on its processes and increase cost savings. The company also aims at establishing a consistent approach that can be used to solve quality related problems by improving organizational learning. Smith, (2003) in his article, â€Å"Six Sigma at Ford Revisited† noted that Ford saved $1.0 billion from elimination of waste 5 years after implementing Six Sigma and that internal customer satisfaction survey showed that customer satisfaction increased by 5%. This provides ample evidence that the company’s strategy has been effective in lowering costs and that customer satisfaction regarding the company’s products was heading in the right direction. One of the strategies being utilized in Ford’s production process is a â€Å"Global Product Development System† whereby the company has established a single template for designing, engineering and manufacturing its vehicles worldwide. One of Ford’s global product development systems is aimed at enabling the company to develop vehicles faster, improve its competitive ability and provide profitable growth. The system aligns the company’s technology and global product plans and car programs on characteristics that differentiate Ford vehicles in the market. The global product strategy establishes a standard that all Ford vehicles should conform to which leads to consistency in Ford products and also improves on brand recognition since products will have attributes that  differentiate Ford products from its competitors (Kassab, 2011). Since Ford manufacturing points are located across different regions, the global product strategy enables various production regions to produce products that have similar attributes. According to Kassab (2011), every time production centers are reinventing production processes the company losses time that could be utilized in developing new vehicles. Therefore one Ford global product development system is used in the production process to reduce time wastage and ensure consistency in production. Another strategy used in the Ford production process i s JIT in an effort to improve on the time it takes to produce a product. Ford decided to adopt this strategy due to inadequacies in material handling and inbound logistics. Using a just in time system enables the company to connect with suppliers and also assists in reducing production lead times and enhances the company’s capability to manage inventory, cost of transportation and storage costs. Just in time system involves delivering required production component when they are needed in the production process. In relation to logistics, Ford has established different solutions to ensure that supply and distribution is achieved. Ford has numerous â€Å"Order Dispatch Centers† where products are transported to and from the company (Penske, 2013). Order centers assist the company in centralizing its logistics network and reducing inventory levels. The company has uniform procedures, carrier requirements and technologies that streamlines supply, improve on performance and accountability (Penske, 2013). Ford utilizes logistics management technologies maintains and tracks information on delivery status and schedules applicable to routing. Through these technologies, the company is able to monitor its supply chain and ensure that all operations aspects of production are functioning appropriately. Ford also has in place capacity strategies where the company practices efficien t use of facilities and expansion facilities projects when required. By increasing capacity the company is able to increase output and generate more revenue. The company also has in places processes and systems to ensure efficient use of facilities. These processes involve being highly automated and strategically placing production points to ensure maximum achievement of efficiency. Ford has work design strategies whereby the company practices job enrichment and institutes motivation systems. Ford has a competency center that assists employees in planning their career,  enrolling in training and development programs, and assisting employees on how to balance professional and personal lifestyles (Hines et al, 2004). The company aims at developing an individual who in turn improves on overall organizational capability. By developing its employees, Ford is able to maintain high levels of motivation and morale which eventually leads to improved productivity. The American Psychological Association (2003) in an article â€Å"Occupational Stress and Employee Control† noted that Ford Motor Company has shifted virtually all of its manufacturing operations to a team-based approach in which employees have far greater control over their work. Instead of simply follow directions from supervisors, employees can talk directly to suppliers about parts quality, research better ways to run equipment, and take independent action to eliminate product defects. A pilot program, which began at Ford’s Romeo, Michigan engine plant in the early 1990s, raised productivity and quality along with job satisfaction so successfully that Ford expanded the approach, giving virtually all employees targets and allowing them to find ways to reach them. Ford encourages a self-management environment to boost and maintain employee morale. Employees are involved in problem solving groups and have a say on operational matters related to their jobs. Employees also participate in decision making processes within the organization. As a result of increased employee motivation, employees perform their job activities well which subsequently leads to increased productivity. By maintaining high motivation levels the company is able to retain high performing employees which benefit the organization in the long term. As a multinational company, a comprehensive location strategy is critical to a successful operations management execution. Ford has presence in North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa where the company is involved in the production and sale of Ford vehicles. These markets are strategically targeted in an attempt to increase company growth. By having a global presence the company is able to penetrate into new markets and increase market share in the global arena. Ford is a well-known brand globally and its name recognition has assisted the company to penetrate new markets. An international presence assists the company in terms of product development, differentiation and distribution as vehicles are developed to meet customer requirements in specific regions and reduce distribution costs to various geographic regions. Operations management at  Ford Motor is influenced by factors such as competition. Competition plays a part in determining how a company does business. Ford therefore has to plan its operations to ensure it is able to gain competitive advantage and maximize revenues. Ford faces domestic and international competition from General Motors, Chrysler, Toyota, Honda and Nissan. In today’s environment, a car company does not have a great future unless they have a plan for increasing their sales globally. If an auto company is not a global automaker, it is not doing the job that it should. Ford therefore has to position itself to ensure that its operations are efficient, effective and are able to differentiate company products on a global scale. Another factor influencing operations management is customer requirements since this impact whether a company is profitable or not. Ford should ensure that its operations meet customer requirements in terms of quality, design, prices and spe ed of distribution. Success factors The first success factor in determining Ford’s successful achievement of its business objectives regarding its operations management strategies is financial. Operations management strategies employed in the company aim at ensuring efficient use of resources and reducing cost in the process. The main tools utilized by Ford to achieve success include Six Sigma, just in time inventory management, location and distribution strategies. Ford has successfully utilized the strategies to achieve its cost reduction strategy and this is evidenced by $1.0 billion cost saving after implementing Six Sigma. A just in time system contributes to the success by reducing costs incurred in transporting and storing raw materials and work in process inventory. The company’s distribution strategies include the use of order centers that improve on efficiency by reducing cost incurred in transporting final products to dealerships. Ford Media (2011) stated that the company’s sales increas ed by 19% in 2010 to $1.935 million compared to the previous year which is the largest increase of any full-line automaker. This achievement is indicative of the success of the operations management strategies implemented by the company. Another success factor in relation to operations management strategies in the organization is the social condition that exists within the company. Ford has different motivation methods that ensure that employees are highly motivated in their professional duties.  This is achieved by training and developing employees and also by ensuring that employees have control over their job activities. The American Psychological Association (2003) noted that increased employee control in job activities is an effective strategy in reducing occupational stress. Ford Motor position and market share in the industry provides measurable evidence on whether the company strategies have been successful. The company recorded mixed fortunes in its target market. Whereas the company increased market share in 2011 to 16.5% compared to 16,4% in 2010 and 15.3% in 2009, market share in Europe decreased to 8.3% compared to 8.4% in 2010 and 9.1% in 2009 (Sustainability Report, 2011/2012). This shows that the co mpany’s strategies were successful in its domestic market but unsuccessful in the European market. Despite these unflattering results, the company still maintains a strong international presence in the Americas, Europe, Asia and Africa. For 2012, Ford’s total U.S. market share was down 1.2 percentage points to 15.3%, while Ford’s U.S. retail share of the retail industry declined seven tenths of a percentage point. The declines largely came from the discontinuation of the Crown Victoria and Ranger, capacity constraints, and reduced availability associated with our Fusion and Escape changeovers. In Europe, market share declined 0.4 percentage points to 7.9% (Sustainability Report, 2012/2013). Quality is important to Ford in improving customer satisfaction and overall company performance. According to the 2012/2013 Sustainability Report, the results are mixed. In the U.S. first time buyers increased 0.5 percentage points to 10.6% in 2012 while customer loyalty decreased 0.9 percentage points to 47.7% in 2012. In Europe, first time buyers decreased 2.0 percentage points to 7% in 2012 while customer loyalty increased 1.0 percentage points to 52% in 2012. Ford has decentralized its operations to ensure that the company manufactures products that meet customer requirements by producing high quality vehicles. Ford Motor Company’s mission is one team, one plan and one goal. The mission is for the company to work together as a lean global enterprise measured by customer, employees, investor, supplier, dealer and union satisfaction. The company’s mission statement influenced its operations management strategies since the company’s one team and implemented strategies aim at achieving lean production where wastes are eliminated to reduce cost. The strategies also aim at improving customer satisfaction by providing quality products.  Ford strives to be a lean global enterprise by implementing strategies such as Six Sigma to achieve its objectives. The ultimate goal of all strategies implemented in the company is to increase profitable growth through increased customer and employee satisfaction and by reducing costs. References American Psychological Association. (2003). Occupational Stress and Employee Control. Retrieved On September 15, 2013 from http://www.Apa.Org/Research/Action/Control.Aspx Automotives Insight. (2011). New Product Strategy Pays Off For Ford. Retrieved On September 28, 2013 from http://www.Autosinsight.Com/File/96519/New-Product-Strategy-Pays-Off-For-Ford.Html Dahlgaard, J. J., & Dahlgaard-Park, S. M. (2006) Lean production, six sigma quality, TQM and company culture. The TQM Magazine, 18 (3), 263 – 281. Retrieved from EBSCO Host Database on September 21, 2013. Davis, M.M., & Heineke, J. (2005). Operations Management: Integrating Manufacturing and Services. (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw – Hill Irwin. Ford Media. (2011). Ford’s 2010 Sales Up 19 Percent – Largest Increase of Any Full Line Automaker: Foundation Set for Growth In 2011. Retrieved On September 28, 2013 from https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2011/01/04/ford_s-2010-sales-up-19-percent–largest-increase-of-any-full-li.html Heizer, J. & Render, B. (2001). Operations Management (10th ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hines, P., Holweg, M., & Rich, N. (2004). Learning to evolve: A review of contemporary lean thinking. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 24 (10), 994 – 1011. Retrieved from EBSCO Host Database on September 29, 2013. Kassab, C.R. (2011). Speedy Delivery – Global Product Development System Defines Ford. Ford Magazine. Ford Motors. Retrieved On September 28, 2013 from http:// corporate.ford.com/innovation/innovation-detail/fs-global-vehicle-product-development Penske. (2013). Ford Motor Company. Six Sigma Initiatives streamline operations. Retrieved On October 5, 2013 from http://www.penskelogistics.com/casestudies/ford2.html Smith, K. (2003). Six Sigma At Ford Revisited. Quality Digest, 23 (6), 28-32. Retrieved from EBSCO Host Database on October 2, 2013. Society of Manufacturing Engineers.